Product and Process for Transformation of Thraustochytriales Microorganisms

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are nucleic acid and amino acid sequences for acetolactate synthase, acetolactate synthase regulatory regions, α-tubulin promoter, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase (PKS) system, and fatty acid desaturase promoter, each from a Thraustochytriales microorganism. Also disclosed are recombinant vectors useful for transformation of Thraustochytriales microorganisms, as well as a method of transformation of Thraustochytriales microorganisms. The recombinant nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be used for the expression of foreign nucleic acids in a Thraustochytriales microorganism as well as for the deletion, mutation, or inactivation of genes in Thraustochytriales microorganisms.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/021,712, filed Dec. 22, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/124,807, filed Apr. 16, 2002, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/284,116, filed Apr. 16, 2001, entitled “Product and Process for Transformation of Thraustochytriales Microorganisms”. The entire disclosure to of each of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/284,116, and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/124,807 and 11/021,712 is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention generally relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase, including acetolactate synthases that confer reduced sensitivity to sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors and/or pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, onto microorganisms of the order Thraustochytriales; to recombinant nucleic acid molecules comprising selectable markers useful for the transformation of microorganisms of the order Thraustochytriales, and to methods of transforming such microorganisms using recombinant nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. The present invention also relates to gene promoters useful in Thraustochytriales expression systems. The recombinant nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be used for the expression of foreign nucleic acids in a Thraustochytriales microorganism as well as for the deletion, mutation, or inactivation of genes in Thraustochytriales microorganisms.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Developments have resulted in revision of the taxonomy of the Thraustochytrids. Taxonomic theorists place Thraustochytrids with the algae or algae-like protists. However, because of taxonomic uncertainty, it would be best for the purposes of the present invention to consider the strains described in the present invention as Thraustochytrids (Order: Thraustochytriales; Family: Thraustochytriaceae; Genus: Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, Labyrinthuloides, or Japonochytrium). Taxonomic changes are summarized below.

Strains of certain unicellular microorganisms disclosed and claimed herein are members of the order Thraustochytriales. Thraustochytrids are marine eukaryotes with a problematic taxonomic history. Problems with the taxonomic placement of the Thraustochytrids have been reviewed by Moss (1986), Bahnweb and Jackie (1986) and Chamberlain and Moss (1988).

For convenience purposes, the Thraustochytrids were first placed by taxonomists with other colorless zoosporic eukaryotes in the Phycomycetes (algae-like fungi). The name Phycomycetes, however, was eventually dropped from taxonomic status, and the Thraustochytrids were retained in the Oomycetes (the biflagellate zoosporic fungi). It was initially assumed that the Oomycetes were related to the heterokont algae, and eventually a wide range of ultrastructural and biochemical studies, summarized by Barr (1983) supported this assumption. The Oomycetes were in fact accepted by Leedale (1974) and other phycologists as part of the heterokont algae. However, as a matter of convenience resulting from their heterotrophic nature, the Oomycetes and Thraustochytrids have been largely studied by mycologists (scientists who study fungi) rather than phycologists (scientists who study algae).

From another taxonomic perspective, evolutionary biologists have developed two general schools of thought as to how eukaryotes evolved. One theory proposes an exogenous origin of membrane-bound organelles through a series of endosymbioses (Margulis 1970); e.g., mitochondria were derived from bacterial endosymbionts, chloroplasts from cyanophytes, and flagella from spirochaetes. The other theory suggests a gradual evolution of the membrane-bound organelles from the non-membrane-bounded systems of the prokaryote ancestor via an autogenous process (Cavalier-Smith 1975). Both groups of evolutionary biologists however, have removed the Oomycetes and Thraustochytrids from the fungi and place them either with the chromophyte algae in the kingdom Chromophyta (Cavalier-Smith 1981) (this kingdom has been more recently expanded to include other protists and members of this kingdom are now called Stramenopiles) or with all algae in the kingdom Protoctista (Margulis and Sagan (1985).

With the development of electron microscopy, studies on the ultrastructure of the zoospores of two genera of Thraustochytrids, Thraustochytrium and Schizochytrium, (Perkins 1976; Kazama 1980; Barr 1981) have provided good evidence that the Thraustochytriaceae are only distantly related to the Oomycetes. Additionally, genetic data representing a correspondence analysis (a form of multivariate statistics) of 5 S ribosomal RNA sequences indicate that Thraustochytriales are clearly a unique group of eukaryotes, completely separate to from the fungi, and most closely related to the red and brown algae, and to members of the Oomycetes (Mannella et al. 1987). Most taxonomists have agreed to remove the Thraustochytrids from the Oomycetes (Bartnicki-Garcia 1988).

In summary, employing the taxonomic system of Cavalier-Smith (1981, 1983), the Thraustochytrids are classified with the chromophyte algae in the kingdom Chromophyta, (Stramenopiles). This places them in a completely different kingdom from the fungi, which are all placed in the kingdom Eufungi. The taxonomic placement of the Thraustochytrids is therefore summarized below:

-   Kingdom: Chromophyta (Stramenopiles) -   Phylum: Heterokonta -   Order: Thraustochytriales -   Family: Thraustochytriaceae -   Genus: Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, Labyrinthuloides, or     Japonochytrium

Some early taxonomists separated a few original members of the genus Thraustochytrium (those with an amoeboid life stage) into a separate genus called Ulkenia. However it is now known that most, if not all, Thraustochytrids (including Thraustochytrium and Schizochytrium), exhibit amoeboid stages and as such, Ulkenia is not considered by some to be a valid genus. As used herein, the genus Thraustochytrium will include Ulkenia.

Despite the uncertainty of taxonomic placement within higher classifications of Phylum and Kingdom, the Thraustochytrids remain a distinctive and characteristic grouping whose members remain classifiable within the order Thraustochytriales.

Schizochytrium and other Thraustochytriales microorganisms have substantial existing and potential commercial value because of their ability to produce large quantities of lipoidal compounds, including highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) and various carotenoids (e.g., astaxanthin). Omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids are of significant commercial interest in that they have been recently recognized as important dietary compounds for preventing arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease, for alleviating inflammatory conditions and for retarding the growth of tumor cells. These beneficial effects are a result both of omega-3 HUFAs causing competitive inhibition of compounds produced from omega-6 fatty acids, and from beneficial compounds produced directly from the omega-3 HUFAs themselves (Simopoulos et al., 1986). Omega-6 fatty acids are the predominant HUFAs found in plants and animals. Therefore, further development of Thraustochytriales microorganisms as commercial production organisms will benefit significantly from the ability to make specific genetic changes to the organisms via recombinant DNA technology, including enhancing the production of the highly valuable HUFAs and carotenoids by such organisms. In addition, the ability to gain a better understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of this poorly characterized group of organisms will provide valuable information that can be used to guide future strain development efforts. Prior to the present invention, however, methods and recombinant constructs suitable for transforming Thraustochytrids, including members of the genera, Schizochytrium and Thraustochytrium were not available. Importantly, the development of selectable markers that are particularly useful for transforming Thraustochytriales microorganisms and the identification of Thraustochytriales-specific promoter sequences were not available prior to the present invention.

Prior investigators have described transformation methods and reagents for use in various microorganisms, including in microalgae that are not members of the Thraustochytriales order. U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,900 to Allnutt et al. discloses genetic fusions for use in genetic engineering of eukaryotic algae, and particularly, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, using a promoter for a photosynthetic algal light harvesting gene and the Sh ble gene from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus as a selectable marker. The cells are grown in high concentrations of salt (e.g., 10-35 g/L) and Zeocin™ for selection of transformants. The microalgal cells suitable for transformation using such a method are photosynthetic microalgae that can be grown under the high salt conditions. U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,017 to Dunahay et al. discloses a method to transform cholorophyll C-containing algae (e.g., Diatoms) using a recombinant construct comprising a selectable marker operatively linked to a regulatory control sequence suitable for expression of the marker in the cholorophyll C-containing algae. The selectable marker is disclosed as being any suitable marker, including markers isolated from bacterial and fungal sources, and is preferably neomycin phosphotransferase. The regulatory control sequence can include any regulatory sequence derived from a cholorophyll C-containing algae, and preferably, from Cyclotella cryptica (e.g., a C. cryptica acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulatory sequence).

However, such methods are not readily transferable to the transformation of Thraustochytriales microorganisms, because, prior to the present invention, the transformation of microorganisms such as Thraustochytriales (e.g., microalgae) was far from routine. Markers and transformation systems that have become well developed for bacteria and yeast are not necessarily readily adaptable to other microorganisms. Indeed, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,017 notes that “there has been little success in developing transformation systems for eucaryotic microalgae” (col. 1, lines 49-51), which is partly due to the difficulty of introducing foreign DNA into such microorganisms, and partly due to a lack of suitable markers and vectors for use in such transformation. The system described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,017 was developed specifically for the chlorophyll C-containing algae because those inventors believed them to be amenable to genetic transformation, particularly as compared to other algae. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,900, which teaches a transformation method that is specific to photosynthetic microalgae, speaks to the belief that most algae are refractory to any type of genetic manipulation (col. 1, lines 39-47). The systems adapted for bacteria, yeast, insect and animal cells have not been readily adapted to microalgae. Therefore, prior to the present invention, there was still a need in the art for effective transformation systems and methods that are specific for microalgae.

Additionally, although the order Thraustochytriales is now grouped with the chromophyte algae in the Stramenopiles, there is still an opinion by some in the art that these microorganisms are quite different from most microalgae, and some of those of skilled in the art have the opinion that Thraustochytriales members may not be properly classified as microalgae at all. Microorganisms considered to be microalgae have evolved at least four separate times during evolution, leading the “macroalgal” type microorganisms to be placed in different kingdoms (e.g. the red algae, green algae and golden algae (Chromophyta) are all in separate kingdoms). As a result, transformation systems that have been demonstrated to be useful in other microalgae are not expected to be useful for Thraustochytriales. Therefore, despite the commercial value of Thraustochytriales microorganisms, the ability to make use of the full potential of such microorganisms by genetic engineering has not heretofore been realized. Prior to the present invention, the present inventors were not aware of any promoters, selectable markers, or vectors useful for transformation of Thraustochytriales microorganisms, nor was there any knowledge regarding what selection systems could be used in or adapted to Thraustochytriales.

In summary, there is a need in the art to develop methods for transforming Thraustochytriales microorganisms, thereby providing a means to create strains with enhanced commercial value. In addition, there is a need in the art to develop methods for mutation or inactivation of specific genes by homologous or nonhomologous recombination in Thraustochytriales microorganisms, providing a new way to alter cellular metabolism and to identify the functions of specific genes in Thraustochytriales.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase; (b) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75% identical to an amino acid sequence of (a), wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase; and, (c) a nucleic acid sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of (a) or (b). In one aspect, such a nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 85% identical to an amino acid sequence of (a), and wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase. In another aspect, such a nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 95% identical to an amino acid sequence of (a), and wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase. In yet another aspect, such a nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO:15 by an amino acid deletion, insertion, or substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of: 116G, 117A, 192P, 200A, 251K, 358M, 383D, 592V, 595W, and 599F. In one aspect, the nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24, and wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase. In yet another aspect, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:14, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, and nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23.

Preferably, expression of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid sequences identified above confers reduced sensitivity to compounds selected from the group consisting of: sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, onto a microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales that is transformed with such a nucleic acid molecule. In one aspect of this embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24. In another aspect of this embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of: nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:14, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, and nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the nucleic acid sequence described above encodes a Schizochytrium acetolactate synthase. In one aspect, expression of the Schizochytrium acetolactate synthase confers reduced sensitivity to compounds selected from the group consisting of: sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, onto a microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales that is transformed with the nucleic acid molecule.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules described above, operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales that is transformed with such a recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a recombinant vector for transformation of microorganisms of the Order Thraustochytriales. The vector includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase that confers reduced sensitivity to compounds selected from the group consisting of: sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, onto a microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales. The acetolactate synthase has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24; and, (b) an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75% identical to an amino acid sequence of (a). The nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. In one aspect, the recombinant vector is an expression vector. In another aspect, the recombinant vector is a targeting vector. In other aspects, the nucleic acid sequence in the vector encodes an acetolactate synthase having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 85% identical, and in another aspect, at least about 95% identical, to an amino acid sequence of (a). In one aspect, the nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO:15 by an amino acid deletion, insertion, or substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of: 116G, 117A, 192P, 200A, 251K, 358M, 383D, 592V, 595W, and 599F. In a preferred aspect, the acetolactate synthase has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24. In another aspect, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of: nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, and nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23. The transcription control sequence in the recombinant vector can include, but is not limited to, a Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase (PKS) system, or a Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter. In one aspect, the vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:21, and SEQ ID NO:23.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for transformation of cells of a microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales. The method includes a first step of (a) introducing into cells of a microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase that confers onto the cells reduced sensitivity to compounds selected from the group consisting of: sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, wherein the acetolactate synthase has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24; and, (ii) an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75% identical to an amino acid sequence of (i). The method includes a second step of (b) selecting cells that have been successfully transformed with the recombinant nucleic acid molecule by culturing the cells of (a) in a medium containing at least one compound that is inhibitory to untransformed cells, the compound being selected from the group consisting of: a sulfonylurea compound, an imidazolinone-class inhibitor, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. In one aspect, the nucleic acid sequence encodes an acetolactate synthase having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 85% identical, and more preferably at least about 95% identical, to an amino acid sequence of (i). In one aspect, the nucleic acid sequence encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO:15 by an amino acid deletion, insertion, or substitution at an amino acid position selected from the group consisting of: 116G, 117A, 192P, 200A, 251K, 358M, 383D, 592V, 595W, and 599F. In another aspect, the acetolactate synthase has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24. Preferably, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of: nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, and nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23. In yet another aspect, the nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence selected from the group consisting of a Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase (PKS) system, and a Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter.

In one aspect, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein to be produced by the cell, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. In one aspect of this embodiment, the protein is associated with the synthesis of a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachadonic acid (ARA). In another aspect of this embodiment, the protein is selected from the group consisting of: a fatty acid synthase, a fatty acid desaturase, a fatty acid elongase, a protein associated with a polyketide synthase complex and a protein associated with incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids or into triacylglycerol molecules. In one aspect, the protein is an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:29. In another aspect, the protein is a polyenoic fatty acid isomerase. In yet another aspect, the protein is selected from the group consisting of HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, squalene synthase, phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, a carotenoid cyclase, a carotenoid hyroxylase, a carotenoid ketolase, vitamin E and lipoic acid.

In another aspect of the present method, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule in step (a) further comprises a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes with a target nucleic acid sequence in the microorganism such that a gene comprising the target nucleic acid sequence is mutated or inactivated by homologous recombination with the second nucleic acid sequence. In this aspect, the target nucleic acid sequence can encode a protein selected from the group consisting of lipases, fatty acid oxidation enzymes, proteins involved in carbohydrate synthesis, proteins involved in synthesis of products of isoprenoid pathways, proteins involved in synthesis of cell wall components, proteins involved in the saturated fatty acid synthesis pathways, proteins involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathways, proteins associated with a polyketide synthase complex, and proteins associated with incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids or triacylglycerol molecules.

The present method can further include the step of introducing into the cell at least one additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein to be expressed, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. In another aspect, the method can further include a step of introducing into the cell at least one additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a second nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes with a target nucleic acid sequence in the microorganism such that a gene comprising the target nucleic acid sequence is mutated or inactivated by homologous recombination with the second nucleic acid sequence. In another aspect, the method can further include the step of introducing into the cell a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein. In this aspect, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second protein to be expressed by the cell, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the second protein is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. Such a transcription control sequence can include, but is not limited to, a Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase (PKS) system, and a Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter. In a further aspect of this embodiment, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein further comprises a second nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes with a target nucleic acid sequence in the microorganism such that a gene comprising the target nucleic acid sequence is mutated or inactivated by homologous recombination with the second nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:9.

In the method of the present invention the microorganism can be from a genus that includes, but is not limited to, Thraustochytrium, Labyrinthuloides, Japonochytrium, and Schizochytrium. In one aspect, the microorganism is from a species including, but not limited to, Schizochytrium sp., Schizochytrium aggregatum, Schizochytrium limacinum, Thraustochytrium sp., Thraustochytrium striatum, Thraustochytrium aureum, Thraustochytrium roseum, and Japonochytrium sp.

In one embodiment of the present method, the step of introducing is performed by a method selected from the group consisting of particle bombardment, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, adsorption, infection and protoplast fusion.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales, transformed with a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase that confers onto the microorganism reduced sensitivity to compounds selected from the group consisting of: sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. The acetolactate synthase has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24; and, (b) an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75% identical to an amino acid sequence of (a). In one aspect, the nucleic acid sequence encodes an acetolactate synthase having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 85% identical to an amino acid sequence of (a). In another aspect, the nucleic acid sequence encodes an acetolactate synthase having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 95% identical to an amino acid sequence of (a). In another aspect, the acetolactate synthase has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24. In yet another aspect, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of: nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, and nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23. In yet another aspect, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:23. Preferably, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase is operatively linked to a promoter that functions in a Thraustochytriales microorganism. In one aspect, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence selected from the group consisting of a Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase (PKS) system, and a Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter. In one embodiment, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first protein for production by the microorganism, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the first protein is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. In another embodiment, the recombinant cell is further transformed with a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein. Preferably, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:9. In one embodiment, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second protein for production by the cell, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the second protein is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. In one embodiment, the microorganism also includes at least one additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein for production by the cell.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9; (b) a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 95% identical to nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9 over the full length of nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9, wherein the nucleic acid sequence has at least basal α-tubulin promoter transcriptional activity; and (c) an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is fully complementary to the polynucleotide of (a) or (b). Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:4 and nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a recombinant vector for transformation of microorganisms of the Order Thraustochytriales, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin binding protein operatively linked to a promoter selected from the group consisting of a Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase (PKS) system, and a Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter. In one aspect, the Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter comprises nucleotides 1-1259 of SEQ ID NO:14. In one aspect, the α-tubulin promoter comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9, and a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 95% identical to nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9 over the full length of nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9, wherein the nucleic acid sequence has at least basal α-tubulin promoter transcriptional activity. In another aspect, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales PKS system comprises SEQ ID NO:34 or a nucleic acid sequence contained within SEQ ID NO:34, wherein said promoter has at least basal PKS promoter transcriptional activity. In another aspect, the recombinant vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:9.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the construction of recombinant plasmid pTUBZEO-11.

FIG. 2 illustrates the construction of recombinant plasmid pTUBZEO11-2.

FIG. 3A illustrates recombinant plasmid pMON50200.

FIG. 3B illustrates recombinant plasmid pMON50201.

FIG. 3C illustrates recombinant plasmid pMON50202.

FIG. 3D illustrates recombinant plasmid pMON50203.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention comprises methods and related materials to genetically transform microorganisms of the order Thraustochytriales. All of the strains of unicellular microorganisms disclosed herein for use as a transformant of the recombinant constructs of the present invention, which can generally also be referred to as Thraustochytrids, are members of the order Thraustochytriales. According to the present invention, the phrases “Thraustochytrid”, “Thraustochytriales microorganism” and “microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales” can be used interchangeably. The present inventors are not aware of any prior reports that describe a transformation system for Schizochytrium or any other Thraustochytriales microorganism. The transformation systems described herein can be used to introduce foreign genes into microorganisms of the order Thraustochytriales, thereby providing a means to create strains with enhanced commercial value. In addition, this invention enables the mutation or inactivation of specific genes by homologous or nonhomologous recombination, providing a new way to alter cellular metabolism and to identify the functions of specific genes in Thraustochytriales microorganisms.

More specifically, the present inventors have demonstrated genetic transformation of a Thraustochytriales microorganism of the genus, Schizochytrium (Order: Thraustochytriales; Family: Thraustochytriaceae; Genus: Schizochytrium), by the use of two types of transformation vectors. These vectors can be introduced into cells by standard methods, followed by identification and isolation of recombinant cells based on their ability to grow in the presence of selective compounds. The present inventors have demonstrated the effectiveness of these vectors by introducing them via particle bombardment, but other means to introduce the vectors can also be used (e.g., electroporation) and are known in the art and are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.

For one transformation vector, exemplified herein by the recombinant vector denoted pTUBZEO11-2, a chimeric gene was created in which the ble gene (which encodes a “bleomycin-binding protein”) from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus was placed downstream from a Schizochytrium tubulin gene promoter. An SV40 terminator was placed downstream from the ble gene in this construct. This vector enables expression of the ble gene in Schizochytrium, thereby conferring resistance to Zeocin™ and related compounds, which are toxic to wild-type cells when included in the growth medium at appropriate levels. The source of the ble gene and SV40 terminator in this construct was a commercially available vector, named pS V40/Zeo, which was acquired from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, Calif.) (Technical Manual 180202, Version B, “ZeoCassette Vectors”; Invitrogen Corporation, 1600 Faraday Ave., Carlsbad, Calif. 92008). The tubulin gene promoter was isolated via the polymerase chain reaction; one of the primers used for the reaction was based on sequence data obtained through a random Schizochytrium cDNA sequencing project. The map of pTUBZEO11-2 is shown in FIG. 2, and the nucleotide sequence of pTUBZEO11-2 is represented by SEQ ID NO:9. Transformation of Schizochytrium with this vector was confirmed by the use of the polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis to detect the presence of vector sequences integrated into the Schizochytrium genome.

The ble gene has been used by prior investigators as a selectable marker for genetic transformation of a variety of organisms, including bacteria, non-Thraustochytrid microalgae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and animal cells (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,900; Lumbreras et al., 1998, Plant J. 14:441-447; Rohe et al., 1996, Curr. Genet. 29:587-590; Messina et al., 1995, Gene 165:213-217; Guerrero et al., 1992, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36:759-762; Perez et al., 1989, Plant Mol. Biol. 13:365-373; Gatigno et al., 1990 Gene 91:35-41). The ble gene encodes a “bleomycin-binding protein” that confers resistance to several antibiotics, including bleomycin, phleomycin, and Zeocin™ (Drocourt et al., 1990, Nucleic Acids Res. 18:4009). This gene is available commercially from Invitrogen Corporation, which was the source of the gene that the present inventors used for creating the Schizochytrium transformation vector pTUBZEO11-2. However, the present inventors are believed to be the first to produce a transformation vector in which the ble gene is attached to a Thraustochytrid promoter in a manner that allows expression of the gene in Thraustochytrids.

A second set of transformation vectors was created by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis of an acetolactate synthase gene (als) that the present inventors isolated from a Schizochytrium genomic library. These mutations change the amino acid sequence of the encoded enzyme (ALS) in such a way that it is much less sensitive to sulfometuron methyl and other sulfonylurea compounds, as well as imidazolinone-class inhibitors and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, to which microorganisms of the order Thraustochytriales are sensitive. Sulfonylurea compounds such as sulfometuron methyl (SMM) are often toxic to cells because they are able to bind to and inactivate the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) from a variety of organisms. ALS catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidines, and other compounds have also been shown to bind to and inactivate ALS from certain organisms. Mutant forms of genes that encode acetolactate synthase (also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase) from other organisms have been used previously as selectable markers for transformation of yeast and plants (Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:441-470, 1989). However, there are no reports prior to the present invention that describe the sequence or properties of the als gene from Schizochytrium or any other Thraustochytriales member, or the use of mutant Thraustochytriales als genes to confer resistance to sulfonylurea, imidazolinone or pyrimidinyl oxybenzoate compounds. In fact, to the present inventors' knowledge, there have not even been any published reports regarding the sensitivity of Thraustochytriales microorganisms to these selective agents, including sulfometuron methyl, and therefore, it was not known prior to the present invention whether such a selectable marker would even be feasible for use in a Thraustochytrid transformation system. It is noteworthy that genes with substantial homology to known als genes occur in various organisms, but do not encode enzymes that are able to catalyze the synthesis of acetolactate (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1385:401-419, 1998). Therefore, it would not have been obvious that a cloned als homologue in fact encodes ALS. In order to definitively determine whether the cloned Schizochytrium gene was a true als gene, the present inventors demonstrated, through transformation experiments, a positive correlation of sulfometuron methyl-resistance with expression of the mutated putative Schizochytrium als gene.

The present inventors have produced three different transformation vectors containing mutant als genes: one mutant als gene encodes an enzyme with a valine at position 595 instead of a tryptophan (plasmid pMON50201, or ALSmut1-7), another encodes a glutamine at position 192 instead of a proline (plasmid pMON50202, or ALSmut2-2), and a third form contains both of these mutations (plasmid pMON50203, or ALSmut3-5). In these vectors, the expression of the recombinant mutant als genes is under the control of the native als gene promoter and terminator. The maps of these vectors, along with a vector containing the wild-type Schizochytrium als gene (plasmid pMON50200, or AE-5), are shown in FIGS. 3A-3D. Transformation of Schizochytrium with these mutant ALS-encoding vectors was confirmed by the use of the polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis to detect the presence of vector sequences integrated into the Schizochytrium genome. As described in detail below, now that the present inventors have identified the complete sequence for the als gene, other mutations, specified below, can also be made. Therefore, the described mutant als genes are intended to be exemplary, and not inclusive of all possible mutations.

The transformation systems of the present invention have been used to introduce foreign genes into Thraustochytriales cells via cotransformation. In these cases, the foreign genes were placed between various Schizochytrium promoters and an appropriate terminator (e.g., SV40 or a Schizochytrium gene terminator region). For example, the present inventors have produced and introduced a synthetic gene that encodes an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, represented herein by SEQ ID NO:29, to increase the levels of docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium. SEQ ID NO:30 represents the amino acid sequence of the desaturase encoded by SEQ ID NO:29. Expression cassettes containing foreign genes can also be introduced into Thraustochytriales cells by direct inclusion within the selectable marker-containing transformation vector.

Moreover, the present inventors have also demonstrated with the mutant ALS-encoding vectors that homologous recombination occurs in Schizochytrium, indicating the feasibility of using recombinant means to inactivate or mutate specific native Schizochytrium genes.

With regard to the Thraustochytriales promoter sequences described herein, a sequence database search (GenBank) for all nucleotide and protein sequences reported for members of the order Thraustochytriales, indicates that as of the time of the present invention, no promoter sequences from Schizochytrium or any other member of Thraustochytriales have been reported. The only gene that has been reported from any Schizochytrium species is for the 5S ribosomal RNA of S. aggregatum (GenBank accession numbers X06104 and M13616). 5S and 18S ribosomal RNA sequences have been reported for the Thraustochytriales members, species Ulkenia, and genera Labyrinthuloides and Thraustochytrium, but this has no bearing on the present invention. A partial coding region of a “putative T3/T7-like RNA polymerase” gene from Thraustochytrium aureum has been described (Nucleic Acids Research 15:648-654, 1996), but a promoter sequence for this gene was not reported.

This invention can be used to introduce any genes or other nucleotide sequences that are of interest into a microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales. Such nucleotide sequences include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids encoding proteins (e.g., enzymes) associated with the synthesis of fatty acids (e.g, the fatty acids: docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachadonic acid (ARA). Such proteins include, but are not limited to: fatty acid synthases, fatty acid desaturases, and fatty acid elongases, as well as proteins associated with a polyketide synthase complex and/or proteins associated with incorporation of such fatty acids into phospholipids or into triacylglycerol molecules. For example, the invention has been used to introduce genes encoding various ω-3 fatty acid desaturases into Schizochytrium in an attempt to increase the level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the cells via ω-3 desaturation of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). As another example, expression of a putative polyenoic fatty acid isomerase from the red alga, Ptilota, in Schizochytrium has also been demonstrated. The genes encoding a Schizochytrium polyketide synthase complex (i.e., a polyketide synthase system) have been deposited as GenBank Accession Nos. AF378329 (ORFA), AF378328 (ORFB) and AF378329 (ORFC).

The present invention is also useful for introducing into Thraustochytriales microorganisms genes and other nucleotide sequences encoding proteins associated with the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Such proteins include, but are not limited to, HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA reductase. Other suitable proteins include proteins associated with the synthesis of molecules derived from isoprenoid subunits including, but not limited to, various steroid compounds and various carotenoid compounds. Proteins associated with the synthesis of various carotenoid compounds include, but are not limited to, squalene synthase, phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and various carotenoid cyclases, hydroxylases and ketolases.

The present invention is also useful for introducing into Thraustochytriales one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins associated with the synthesis of anti-oxidant compounds including, but not limited to, vitamin E and lipoic acid.

In addition, the present invention can be used to introduce any genes or other nucleotide sequences vectors into Thraustochytriales microorganisms in order to inactivate or delete genes (i.e., “knock-out” or “targeted gene disruption”). The inactivation or deletion of genes is typically used for the purpose of enhancing the commercial value of the microorganism. For example, it may be desirable to remove genes that encode enzymes (or nucleic acids which regulate the expression of such genes) of the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathways. In another aspect, it may be desirable to inhibit or knock-out genes encoding proteins that are involved in the degradation of other valuable compounds produced by the Thraustochytriales microorganism or which otherwise lessen the value of the desired compound. For example, genes encoding lipases, fatty acid oxidation enzymes, and proteins that have objectionable flavors or odors may be desirable knock-out targets by the present invention. In yet another aspect, it may be desirable to knock-out genes encoding proteins that are associated with the synthesis of compounds whose synthesis is in competition with other molecules of interest. For example, such genes include, but are not limited to, genes encoding proteins involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis, genes encoding proteins involved in the synthesis of various products of isoprenoid pathways (e.g., sterols or specific carotenoid compounds), and genes encoding proteins involved in the synthesis of cell wall components. By way of example, genes have been introduced into Schizochytrium cells by the use of this invention in an attempt to inactivate genes that are homologous to the polyketide synthase genes from Shewanella in order to assess their role in the production of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). As exemplified by Example 6, the present invention can also be used to inactivate, delete, or mutate native genes that are involved in the production of fatty acids, carotenoids, sterols, vitamins, or other compounds in order to improve the economics or acceptability of products that are related to these compounds. It is noted that in some embodiments, as discussed above, it may be desirable to enhance production of a given protein, whereas in other embodiments, it may be desirable to inhibit production of the same protein. Such determinations are based on the given use and production goals for a specific microorganism. The present invention is also useful for determining the process of genetic recombination in Schizochytrium.

Other genes and nucleic acid molecules useful for introduction into Thraustochytriales will be apparent to those of skill in the art, and all such genes and molecules are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.

Various embodiments of the present invention are described below initially with regard to a Thraustochytriales als gene and/or ALS protein of the present invention. It is to be understood, however, that the general definitions of terms and methods are intended to apply to the discussion of other genes, nucleic acids and proteins described below.

The present invention is based in part on the identification, isolation and production of nucleic acid sequences encoding selectable markers that are suitable for use in recombinant constructs for the transformation of Thraustochytrid microorganisms. Such selectable markers allow the selection of microorganisms that have been successfully transformed with the recombinant constructs of the present invention. One selectable marker useful for the transformation of Thraustochytriales according to the present invention is a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase (i.e., ALS). Preferably, the acetolactate synthase has been modified, mutated, or otherwise selected, to be resistant to inhibition by sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors and/or pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates (i.e., such an ALS is a homologue of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase).

According to the present invention, an acetolactate synthase is a protein that has acetolactate synthase biological activity, including full-length proteins, fusion proteins, or any homologue of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase. A homologue of an acetolactate synthase includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol). Preferred homologues of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase are described in detail below.

An isolated protein, such as an isolated acetolactate synthase, according to the present invention, is a protein that has been removed from its natural milieu (i.e., that has been subject to human manipulation) and can include purified proteins, partially purified proteins, recombinantly produced proteins, and synthetically produced proteins, for example. As such, “isolated” does not reflect the extent to which the protein has been purified. Preferably, an isolated acetolactate synthase of the present invention is produced recombinantly. A “Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase” refers to an acetolactate synthase (including a homologue of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase) from a Thraustochytriales microorganism or that has been otherwise produced from the knowledge of the structure (e.g., sequence) of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase from a Thraustochytriales microorganism. In other words, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase includes any acetolactate synthase that has the structure and function of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase from a Thraustochytriales microorganism or that is a biologically active (i.e., has biological activity) homologue of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase from a Thraustochytriales microorganism as described in detail herein. As such, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase can include purified, partially purified, recombinant, mutated/modified and synthetic proteins.

In general, the biological activity or biological action of a protein refers to any function(s) exhibited or performed by the protein that is ascribed to the naturally occurring form of the protein as measured or observed in vivo (i.e., in the natural physiological environment of the protein) or in vitro (i.e., under laboratory conditions). For example, a biological activity of an acetolactate synthase includes acetolactate synthase enzymatic activity. Modifications of a protein, such as in a homologue or mimetic (discussed below), may result in proteins having the same biological activity as the naturally occurring protein, or in proteins having decreased or increased biological activity as compared to the naturally occurring protein. Modifications which result in a decrease in protein expression or a decrease in the activity of the protein, can be referred to as inactivation (complete or partial), down-regulation, or decreased action of a protein. Similarly, modifications which result in an increase in protein expression or an increase in the activity of the protein, can be referred to as amplification, overproduction, activation, enhancement, up-regulation or increased action of a protein.

With regard to the acetolactate synthase of the present invention, it is preferred that modifications present in acetolactate synthase homologues, as compared to a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase, do not substantially change, or at least do not substantially decrease, the basic biological activity of the synthase as compared to the naturally occurring protein. However, such homologues may have differences in characteristics other than the functional, or enzymatic, activity of the protein as compared to the naturally occurring form, such as a decreased sensitivity to inhibition by certain compounds as compared to the naturally occurring protein. Preferably, a homologue of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase has reduced (i.e., decreased, lessened) sensitivity to compounds that bind to and inactivate naturally occurring acetolactate synthases as compared to the naturally occurring acetolactate synthase from which the homologue was derived. For example, sulfonylurea compounds, such as sulfometuron methyl (SMM), are often toxic to cells because they are able to bind to and inactivate acetolactate synthase (ALS). Imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidines, and other similar compounds (referred to generally herein as imidazolinone-class inhibitors) have also been shown to bind to and inactivate ALS. Therefore, a homologue of a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase preferably has reduced sensitivity to sulfonylurea compounds, as well as to imidazolinone-class inhibitors (e.g., by having disrupted binding sites for such inhibitors or binding sites with reduced affinity for the inhibitor) and to pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, while maintaining acetolactate synthase enzymatic activity.

As used herein, a protein that has “acetolactate synthase biological activity” or that is referred to as an “acetolactate synthase” refers to a protein that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. More specifically, an isolated acetolactate synthase of the present invention, including full-length proteins, truncated proteins, fusion proteins and homologues, can be identified in a straight-forward manner by the proteins' ability to catalyze the synthesis of acetolactate from pyruvate. Acetolactate synthase biological activity can be evaluated by one of skill in the art by any suitable in vitro or in vivo assay for enzyme activity.

In one embodiment, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention has an amino acid sequence that is at least about 65% identical to an amino acid sequence of selected from the group of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, over at least about 600 amino acids of any of such sequences, wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase (i.e., has acetolactate synthase biological activity). More preferably, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention has an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical, and more preferably, at least about 75% identical, and even more preferably at least about 80% identical, and even more preferably at least about 85% identical, and even more preferably at least about 90% identical and even more preferably at least about 95% identical, and even more preferably at least about 96% identical, and even more preferably at least about 97% identical, and even more preferably at least about 98% identical, and even more preferably at least about 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, over at least about 600 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity.

In another embodiment, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention has an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75% identical to an amino acid sequence of selected from the group of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, over at least 95 amino acids of any of such sequences, wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase (i.e., has acetolactate synthase biological activity). More preferably, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention has an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical, and even more preferably at least about 85% identical, and even more preferably at least about 90% identical and even more preferably at least about 95% identical, and even more preferably at least about 96% identical, and even more preferably at least about 97% identical, and even more preferably at least about 98% identical, and even more preferably at least about 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, over at least 95 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity. Even more preferably, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention has an amino acid sequence that has any of the above-referenced percent identities to any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24 over at least 100 amino acids, and more preferably 125, and more preferably 150, and more preferably 175, and more preferably 200, and more preferably 225, and more preferably 250, and more preferably 275, and more preferably 300, and more preferably 325, and more preferably 350, and more preferably 375, and more preferably 400, and more preferably 425, and more preferably 450, and more preferably 475, and more preferably 500, and more preferably 525, and more preferably 550, and more preferably 575 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, reference to a percent (%) identity refers to an evaluation of homology which is performed using: (1) a BLAST 2.0 Basic BLAST homology search using blastp for amino acid searches and blastn for nucleic acid searches with standard default parameters, wherein the query sequence is filtered for low complexity regions by default (described in Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schääffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. & Lipman, D. J. (1997) “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.” Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety); (2) a BLAST 2 alignment (using the parameters described below); (3) and/or PSI-BLAST with the standard default parameters (Position-Specific Iterated BLAST. It is noted that due to some differences in the standard parameters between BLAST 2.0 Basic BLAST and BLAST 2, two specific sequences might be recognized as having significant homology using the BLAST 2 program, whereas a search performed in BLAST 2.0 Basic BLAST using one of the sequences as the query sequence may not identify the second sequence in the top matches. In addition, PSI-BLAST provides an automated, easy-to-use version of a “profile” search, which is a sensitive way to look for sequence homologues. The program first performs a gapped BLAST database search. The PSI-BLAST program uses the information from any significant alignments returned to construct a position-specific score matrix, which replaces the query sequence for the next round of database searching. Therefore, it is to be understood that percent identity can be determined by using any one of these programs.

Two specific sequences can be aligned to one another using BLAST 2 sequence as described in Tatusova and Madden, (1999), “Blast 2 sequences—a new tool for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences”, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 174:247-250, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BLAST 2 sequence alignment is performed in blastp or blastn using the BLAST 2.0 algorithm to perform a Gapped BLAST search (BLAST 2.0) between the two sequences allowing for the introduction of gaps (deletions and insertions) in the resulting alignment. For purposes of clarity herein, a BLAST 2 sequence alignment is performed using the standard default parameters as follows. For blastn, using 0 BLOSUM62 matrix:

Reward for match=1

Penalty for mismatch=−2

Open gap (5) and extension gap (2) penalties

gap x_dropoff (50) expect (10) word size (11) filter (on)

For blastp, using 0 BLOSUM62 matrix:

Open gap (11) and extension gap (1) penalties

gap x_dropoff (50) expect (10) word size (3) filter (on).

An acetolactate synthase of the present invention can also include proteins having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 30 contiguous amino acid residues of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, (i.e., 30 contiguous amino acid residues having 100% identity with 30 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24). In a preferred embodiment, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention includes proteins having amino acid sequences comprising at least 50, and more preferably at least 75, and more preferably at least 100, and more preferably at least 115, and more preferably at least 130, and more preferably at least 150, and more preferably at least 200, and more preferably, at least 250, and more preferably, at least 300, and more preferably, at least 350, and more preferably, at least 400, and more preferably, at least 450, and more preferably, at least 500, and more preferably, at least 550, and more preferably, at least 600, and more preferably, at least 650, contiguous amino acid residues of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24. Such a protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity.

According to the present invention, the term “contiguous” or “consecutive”, with regard to nucleic acid or amino acid sequences described herein, means to be connected in an unbroken sequence. For example, for a first sequence to comprise 30 contiguous (or consecutive) amino acids of a second sequence, means that the first sequence includes an unbroken sequence of 30 amino acid residues that is 100% identical to an unbroken sequence of 30 amino acid residues in the second sequence. Similarly, for a first sequence to have “100% identity” with a second sequence means that the first sequence exactly matches the second sequence with no gaps between nucleotides or amino acids.

In another embodiment, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention, including an acetolactate synthase homologue, includes a protein having an amino acid sequence that is sufficiently similar to a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase amino acid sequence that a nucleic acid sequence encoding the homologue is capable of hybridizing under moderate, high, or very high stringency conditions (described below) to (i.e., with) a nucleic acid molecule encoding the naturally occurring acetolactate synthase (i.e., to the complement of the nucleic acid strand encoding the naturally occurring acetolactate synthase amino acid sequence). Preferably, an acetolactate synthase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under moderate, high or very high stringency conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a protein comprising an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24. Even more preferably, an acetolactate synthase of the present invention is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under moderate, high or very high stringency conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:15, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, or nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23. Such hybridization conditions are described in detail below. A nucleic acid sequence complement of nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase of the present invention refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid strand that is complementary to the strand which encodes the acetolactate synthase. It will be appreciated that a double stranded DNA which encodes a given amino acid sequence comprises a single strand DNA and its complementary strand having a sequence that is a complement to the single strand DNA. As such, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be either double-stranded or single-stranded, and include those nucleic acid molecules that form stable hybrids under stringent' hybridization conditions with a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, and/or with the complement of the nucleic acid sequence that encodes any of such amino acid sequences. Methods to deduce a complementary sequence are known to those skilled in the art. It should be noted that since amino acid sequencing and nucleic acid sequencing technologies are not entirely error-free, the sequences presented herein, at best, represent apparent sequences of an acetolactate synthase of the present invention.

Acetolactate synthase homologues can be the result of natural allelic variation or natural mutation. Acetolactate synthase homologues of the present invention can also be produced using techniques known in the art including, but not limited to, direct modifications to the protein or modifications to the gene encoding the protein using, for example, classic or recombinant DNA techniques to effect random or targeted mutagenesis. A naturally occurring allelic variant of a nucleic acid encoding an acetolactate synthase is a gene that occurs at essentially the same locus (or loci) in the genome as the gene which encodes an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:15, but which, due to natural variations caused by, for example, mutation or recombination, has a similar but not identical sequence. Natural allelic variants typically encode proteins having similar activity to that of the protein encoded by the gene to which they are being compared. One class of allelic variants can encode the same protein but have different nucleic acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. Allelic variants can also comprise alterations in the 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions of the gene (e.g., in regulatory control regions). Allelic variants are well known to those skilled in the art.

Acetolactate synthase proteins of the present invention also include expression products of gene fusions (for example, used to overexpress soluble, active forms of the recombinant protein), of mutagenized genes (such as genes having codon modifications to enhance gene transcription and translation), and of truncated genes (such as genes having membrane binding domains removed to generate soluble forms of a membrane protein, or genes having signal sequences removed which are poorly tolerated in a particular recombinant host).

The minimum size of a protein and/or homologue of the present invention is a size sufficient to have acetolactate synthase biological activity. Preferably, a protein of the present invention is at least 30 amino acids long, and more preferably, at least about 50, and more preferably at least 75, and more preferably at least 100, and more preferably at least 115, and more preferably at least 130, and more preferably at least 150, and more preferably at least 200, and more preferably, at least 250, and more preferably, at least 300, and more preferably, at least 350, and more preferably, at least 400, and more preferably, at least 450, and more preferably, at least 500, and more preferably, at least 550, and more preferably, at least 600, and more preferably, at least 650, and more preferably, at least 684 amino acids long. There is no limit, other than a practical limit, on the maximum size of such a protein in that the protein can include a portion of an acetolactate synthase protein or a full-length acetolactate synthase, plus additional sequence (e.g., a fusion protein sequence), if desired.

The present invention also includes a fusion protein that includes an acetolactate synthase-containing domain (i.e., an amino acid sequence for an acetolactate synthase according to the present invention) attached to one or more fusion segments. Suitable fusion segments for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, segments that can: enhance a protein's stability; provide other desirable biological activity; and/or assist with the purification of an acetolactate synthase (e.g., by affinity chromatography). A suitable fusion segment can be a domain of any size that has the desired function (e.g., imparts increased stability, solubility, action or biological activity; and/or simplifies purification of a protein). Fusion segments can be joined to amino and/or carboxyl termini of the acetolactate synthase-containing domain of the protein and can be susceptible to cleavage in order to enable straight-forward recovery of an acetolactate synthase. Fusion proteins are preferably produced by culturing a recombinant cell transfected with a fusion nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein including the fusion segment attached to either the carboxyl and/or amino terminal end of an acetolactate synthase-containing domain.

The present invention also includes a mimetic of an acetolactate synthase. As used herein, the term “mimetic” is used to refer to any peptide or non-peptide compound that is able to mimic the biological action of a naturally occurring peptide, often because the mimetic has a basic structure that mimics the basic structure of the naturally occurring peptide and/or has the salient biological properties of the naturally occurring peptide. Mimetics can include, but are not limited to: peptides that have substantial modifications from the prototype such as no side chain similarity with the naturally occurring peptide (such modifications, for example, may decrease its susceptibility to degradation); anti-idiotypic and/or catalytic antibodies, or fragments thereof; non-proteinaceous portions of an isolated protein (e.g., carbohydrate structures); or synthetic or natural organic molecules, including nucleic acids and drugs identified through combinatorial chemistry, for example.

Such mimetics can be designed, selected and/or otherwise identified using a variety of methods known in the art. Various methods of drug design, useful to design mimetics or other therapeutic compounds useful in the present invention are disclosed in Maulik et al., 1997, Molecular Biotechnology: Therapeutic Applications and Strategies, Wiley-Liss, Inc., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. An acetolactate synthase mimetic can be obtained, for example, from molecular diversity strategies (a combination of related strategies allowing the rapid construction of large, chemically diverse molecule libraries), libraries of natural or synthetic compounds, in particular from chemical or combinatorial libraries (i.e., libraries of compounds that differ in sequence or size but that have the similar building blocks) or by rational, directed or random drug design. See for example, Maulik et al., supra.

In a molecular diversity strategy, large compound libraries are synthesized, for example, from peptides, oligonucleotides, carbohydrates and/or synthetic organic molecules, using biological, enzymatic and/or chemical approaches. The critical parameters in developing a molecular diversity strategy include subunit diversity, molecular size, and library diversity. The general goal of screening such libraries is to utilize sequential application of combinatorial selection to obtain high-affinity ligands for a desired target, and then to optimize the lead molecules by either random or directed design strategies. Methods of molecular diversity are described in detail in Maulik, et al., ibid.

Maulik et al. also disclose, for example, methods of directed design, in which the user directs the process of creating novel molecules from a fragment library of appropriately selected fragments; random design, in which the user uses a genetic or other algorithm to randomly mutate fragments and their combinations while simultaneously applying a selection criterion to evaluate the fitness of candidate ligands; and a grid-based approach in which the user calculates the interaction energy between three dimensional receptor structures and small fragment probes, followed by linking together of favorable probe sites.

According to the present invention, acetolactate synthases can be derived from any Thraustochytriales microorganism, and particularly, from any Schizochytrium microorganism. In one embodiment, a preferred acetolactate synthase of the present invention has an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24. The protein having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:15 is a naturally occurring (i.e., wild type) acetolactate synthase from a Thraustochytriales microorganism, and specifically, is a Schizochytrium acetolactate synthase. The amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24 are sequences that have been modified, such that the resulting enzymes have reduced sensitivity to sulfonylurea compounds, as well as to imidazolinone-class inhibitors and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, as compared to the naturally occurring protein represented by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:15. It is noted that the proteins represented by SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24 have acetolactate synthase biological activity. Acetolactate synthases with reduced sensitivity to sulfonylurea compounds, as well as to imidazolinone-class inhibitors and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates are preferred acetolactate synthases of the present invention, because the nucleic acid sequences encoding such synthases can be used in recombinant vectors of the present invention as selectable markers.

Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a modified acetolactate synthase, including any homologue of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the homologue has acetolactate synthase biological activity, and particularly, wherein the homologue has reduced sensitivity to sulfonylurea compounds, as well as to imidazolinone-class inhibitors and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, as compared to the naturally occurring protein represented by amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:15. In one aspect, such acetolactate synthase homologues include proteins having an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO:15 by an amino acid deletion, insertion, or substitution at one or more of the following positions: 116G, 117A, 192P, 200A, 251K, 358M, 383D, 592V, 595W, or 599F. These positions correspond to known ALS mutation sites in a yeast acetolactate synthase (i.e., 116G, 117A, 192P, 200A, 251K, 354M, 379D, 583V, 586W, and 590F, respectively) (See Mazur and Falco, 1989, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:441-470, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Other possible mutation sites will be known to those in the art based on successful amino acid mutations in ALS from other organisms. The application of such sites to the corresponding sites in the Thraustochytriales ALS is encompassed by the present invention.

As discussed above, the present invention is based in part on the discovery and production of recombinant constructs for the transformation of Thraustochytrid microorganisms. Therefore, one embodiment of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase, and nucleic acid sequence fully complementary thereto. A nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetolactate synthase of the present invention includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding any of the acetolactate synthase proteins, including homologues, discussed above. More particularly, one embodiment of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 65% identical to an amino acid sequence of selected from the group of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, over at least about 600 amino acids of any of such sequences, wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase (i.e., has acetolactate synthase biological activity). More preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention has a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical, and more preferably, at least about 75% identical, and even more preferably at least about 80% identical, and even more preferably at least about 85% identical, and even more preferably at least about 90% identical and even more preferably at least about 95% identical, and even more preferably at least about 96% identical, and even more preferably at least about 97% identical, and even more preferably at least about 98% identical, and even more preferably at least about 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, over at least about 600 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity.

In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention has a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75% identical to an amino acid sequence of selected from the group of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, over at least 95 amino acids of any of such sequences, wherein the protein is an acetolactate synthase (i.e., has acetolactate synthase biological activity). More preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention has a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least about 80% identical, and even more preferably at least about 85% identical, and even more preferably at least about 90% identical and even more preferably at least about 95% identical, and even more preferably at least about 96% identical, and even more preferably at least about 97% identical, and even more preferably at least about 98% identical, and even more preferably at least about 99% identical to any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, over at least 95 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity.

In yet another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention has a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that has any of the above-referenced percent identities to any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24 over at least 100 amino acids, and more preferably 125, and more preferably 150, and more preferably 175, and more preferably 200, and more preferably 225, and more preferably 250, and more preferably 275, and more preferably 300, and more preferably 325, and more preferably 350, and more preferably 375, and more preferably 400, and more preferably 425, and more preferably 450, and more preferably 475, and more preferably 500, and more preferably 525, and more preferably 550, and more preferably 575 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity. Percent identity is determined using BLAST 2.0 Basic BLAST default parameters, as described above.

In one embodiment, nucleic acid molecules encoding an acetolactate synthase of the present invention include isolated nucleic acid molecules that hybridize under moderate stringency conditions, and even more preferably under high stringency conditions, and even more preferably under very high stringency conditions with the complement of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a naturally occurring acetolactate synthase. Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetolactate synthase of the present invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under moderate or high stringency conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a protein comprising an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24. In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes under moderate, high or very high stringency conditions to the complement of a nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:14, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, or nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23.

As used herein, hybridization conditions refer to standard hybridization conditions under which nucleic acid molecules are used to identify similar nucleic acid molecules. Such standard conditions are disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press, 1989. Sambrook et al., ibid., is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety (see specifically, pages 9.31-9.62). In addition, formulae to calculate the appropriate hybridization and wash conditions to achieve hybridization permitting varying degrees of mismatch of nucleotides are disclosed, for example, in Meinkoth et al., 1984, Anal. Biochem. 138, 267-284; Meinkoth et al., ibid., is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

More particularly, moderate stringency hybridization and washing conditions, as referred to herein, refer to conditions which permit isolation of nucleic acid molecules having at least about 70% nucleic acid sequence identity with the nucleic acid molecule being used to probe in the hybridization reaction (i.e., conditions permitting about 30% or less mismatch of nucleotides). High stringency hybridization and washing conditions, as referred to herein, refer to conditions which permit isolation of nucleic acid molecules having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity with the nucleic acid molecule being used to probe in the hybridization reaction (i.e., conditions permitting about 20% or less mismatch of nucleotides). Very high stringency hybridization and washing conditions, as referred to herein, refer to conditions which permit isolation of nucleic acid molecules having at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity with the nucleic acid molecule being used to probe in the hybridization reaction (i.e., conditions permitting about 10% or less mismatch of nucleotides). As discussed above, one of skill in the art can use the formulae in Meinkoth et al., ibid. to calculate the appropriate hybridization and wash conditions to achieve these particular levels of nucleotide mismatch. Such conditions will vary, depending on whether DNA:RNA or DNA:DNA hybrids are being formed. Calculated melting temperatures for DNA:DNA hybrids are 10° C. less than for DNA:RNA hybrids. In particular embodiments, stringent hybridization conditions for DNA:DNA hybrids include hybridization at an ionic strength of 6×SSC (0.9 M Nat) at a temperature of between about 20° C. and about 35° C. (lower stringency), more preferably, between about 28° C. and about 40° C. (more stringent), and even more preferably, between about 35° C. and about 45° C. (even more stringent), with appropriate wash conditions. In particular embodiments, stringent hybridization conditions for DNA:RNA hybrids include hybridization at an ionic strength of 6×SSC (0.9 M Na⁺) at a temperature of between about 30° C. and about 45° C., more preferably, between about 38° C. and about 50° C., and even more preferably, between about 45° C. and about 55° C., with similarly stringent wash conditions. These values are based on calculations of a melting temperature for molecules larger than about 100 nucleotides, 0% formamide and a G+C content of about 40%. Alternatively, T_(m) can be calculated empirically as set forth in Sambrook et al., supra, pages 9.31 to 9.62. In general, the wash conditions should be as stringent as possible, and should be appropriate for the chosen hybridization conditions. For example, hybridization conditions can include a combination of salt and temperature conditions that are approximately 20-25° C. below the calculated T_(m) of a particular hybrid, and wash conditions typically include a combination of salt and temperature conditions that are approximately 12-20° C. below the calculated T_(m) of the particular hybrid. One example of hybridization conditions suitable for use with DNA:DNA hybrids includes a 2-24 hour hybridization in 6×SSC (50% formamide) at about 42° C., followed by washing steps that include one or more washes at room temperature in about 2×SSC, followed by additional washes at higher temperatures and lower ionic strength (e.g., at least one wash as about 37° C. in about 0.1×-0.5×SSC, followed by at least one wash at about 68° C. in about 0.1×-0.5×SSC).

In another embodiment, nucleic acid molecules encoding an acetolactate synthase of the present invention include isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 30 contiguous amino acid residues of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24, (i.e., 30 contiguous amino acid residues having 100% identity with 30 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24). In a preferred embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 50, and more preferably at least 75, and more preferably at least 100, and more preferably at least 115, and more preferably at least 130, and more preferably at least 150, and more preferably at least 200, and more preferably, at least 250, and more preferably, at least 300, and more preferably, at least 350, and more preferably, at least 400, and more preferably, at least 450, and more preferably, at least 500, and more preferably, at least 550, and more preferably, at least 600, and more preferably, at least 650, contiguous amino acid residues of any of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 or SEQ ID NO:24. Such a protein has acetolactate synthase biological activity. In one embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetolactate synthase comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 60 contiguous nucleotides, and more preferably at least 150, and more preferably at least 225, and more preferably at least 300, and more preferably at least 345, and more preferably at least 390, and more preferably at least 450, and more preferably at least 525, and more preferably at least 600, and more preferably at least 750, and more preferably at least 900, and more preferably at least 1050, and more preferably at least 1200, and more preferably at least 1350, and more preferably at least 1500, and more preferably at least 1650, and more preferably at least 1800, and even more preferably at least 1950, contiguous nucleotides of nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:15, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, or nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23.

Particularly preferred nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:14 (encodes SEQ ID NO:15), nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18 (encodes SEQ ID NO:19), nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21 (encodes SEQ ID NO:22), or nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23 (encodes SEQ ID NO:24), SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:21 or SEQ ID NO:23.

In accordance with the present invention, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that has been removed from its natural milieu (i.e., that has been subject to human manipulation), its natural milieu being the genome or chromosome in which the nucleic acid molecule is found in nature. As such, “isolated” does not necessarily reflect the extent to which the nucleic acid molecule has been purified, but indicates that the molecule does not include an entire genome or an entire chromosome in which the nucleic acid molecule is found in nature. An isolated nucleic acid molecule can include a gene, such as an acetolactate synthase gene described herein. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that includes a gene is not a fragment of a chromosome that includes such gene, but rather includes the coding region and regulatory regions associated with the gene, but no additional genes naturally found on the same chromosome. An isolated nucleic acid molecule can also include a specified nucleic acid sequence flanked by (i.e., at the 5′ and/or the 3′ end of the sequence) additional nucleic acids that do not normally flank the specified nucleic acid sequence in nature (i.e., are heterologous sequences). Isolated nucleic acid molecule can include DNA, RNA (e.g., mRNA), or derivatives of either DNA or RNA (e.g., cDNA). Although the phrase “nucleic acid molecule” primarily refers to the physical nucleic acid molecule and the phrase “nucleic acid sequence” primarily refers to the sequence of nucleotides on the nucleic acid molecule, the two phrases can be used interchangeably, especially with respect to a nucleic acid molecule, or a nucleic acid sequence, being capable of encoding a protein.

Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is produced using recombinant DNA technology (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, cloning) or chemical synthesis. Isolated nucleic acid molecules include natural nucleic acid molecules and homologues thereof, including, but not limited to, natural allelic variants and modified nucleic acid molecules in which nucleotides have been inserted, deleted, substituted, and/or inverted in such a manner that such modifications provide the desired effect on protein biological activity. Allelic variants and protein homologues (e.g., proteins encoded by nucleic acid homologues) have been discussed in detail above.

A nucleic acid molecule homologue can be produced using a number of methods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Sambrook et al., ibid.). For example, nucleic acid molecules can be modified using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, classic mutagenesis techniques and recombinant DNA techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis, chemical treatment of a nucleic acid molecule to induce mutations, restriction enzyme cleavage of a nucleic acid fragment, ligation of nucleic acid fragments, PCR amplification and/or mutagenesis of selected regions of a nucleic acid sequence, synthesis of oligonucleotide mixtures and ligation of mixture groups to “build” a mixture of nucleic acid molecules and combinations thereof. Nucleic acid molecule homologues can be selected from a mixture of modified nucleic acids by screening for the function of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid and/or by hybridization with a wild-type gene.

Similarly, the minimum size of a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is a size sufficient to encode a protein having the desired biological activity, or sufficient to form a probe or oligonucleotide primer that is capable of forming a stable hybrid with the complementary sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the natural protein (e.g., under moderate, high or very high stringency conditions). As such, the size of the nucleic acid molecule encoding such a protein can be dependent on nucleic acid composition and percent homology or identity between the nucleic acid molecule and complementary sequence as well as upon hybridization conditions per se (e.g., temperature, salt concentration, and formamide concentration). The minimal size of a nucleic acid molecule that is used as an oligonucleotide primer or as a probe is typically at least about 12 to about 15 nucleotides in length if the nucleic acid molecules are GC-rich and at least about 15 to about 18 bases in length if they are AT-rich. There is no limit, other than a practical limit, on the maximal size of a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, in that the nucleic acid molecule can include a portion of a protein-encoding sequence (e.g., an acetolactate synthase-encoding sequence) or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a full-length protein.

One embodiment of the present invention includes a recombinant vector to be used for transformation of a Thraustochytriales microorganism. According to the present invention, a recombinant vector is an engineered (i.e., artificially produced) nucleic acid molecule that is used as a tool for manipulating a nucleic acid sequence of choice and for introducing such a nucleic acid sequence into a host cell. The recombinant vector is therefore suitable for use in cloning, sequencing, and/or otherwise manipulating the nucleic acid sequence of choice, such as by expressing and/or delivering the nucleic acid sequence of choice into a host cell to form a recombinant cell. Such a vector typically contains heterologous nucleic acid sequences, that is nucleic acid sequences that are not naturally found adjacent to nucleic acid sequence to be delivered, although the vector can also contain regulatory nucleic acid sequences (e.g., promoters, untranslated regions) which are naturally found adjacent to nucleic acid molecules of the present invention (discussed in detail below). The vector can be either RNA or DNA, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and typically is a plasmid. The vector can be maintained as an extrachromosomal element (e.g., a plasmid) or it can be integrated into the chromosome of the recombinant microorganism. The entire vector can remain in place within a host cell, or under certain conditions, the plasmid DNA can be deleted, leaving behind the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. The integrated nucleic acid molecule can be under chromosomal promoter control, under native or plasmid promoter control, or under a combination of several promoter controls. Single or multiple copies of the nucleic acid molecule can be integrated into the chromosome. A recombinant vector of the present invention contains at least one selectable marker for Thraustochytriales microorganisms according to the present invention, such as a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase (natural protein or homologue) or a nucleic acid sequence encoding the ble gene (described below). As used herein, the phrase “recombinant nucleic acid molecule” is used primarily to refer to a recombinant vector into which has been ligated the nucleic acid sequence to be cloned, manipulated, transformed into the host cell (i.e., the insert).

Typically, a recombinant vector, and therefore a recombinant nucleic acid molecule, includes at least one nucleic acid molecule of the present invention operatively linked to one or more transcription control sequences. As used herein, the phrase “recombinant molecule” or “recombinant nucleic acid molecule” primarily refers to a nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid sequence operatively linked to a transcription control sequence, but can be used interchangeably with the phrase “nucleic acid molecule”, when such nucleic acid molecule is a recombinant molecule as discussed herein. According to the present invention, the phrase “operatively linked” refers to linking a nucleic acid molecule to a transcription control sequence in a manner such that the molecule is able to be expressed when transfected (i.e., transformed, transduced, transfected, conjugated or conduced) into a host cell. Transcription control sequences are sequences which control the initiation, elongation, or termination of transcription. Particularly important transcription control sequences are those which control transcription initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator and repressor sequences. Suitable transcription control sequences include any transcription control sequence that can function in a microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales. The present inventors are believed to be the first to isolate and identify at least three of such promoters, described in detail elsewhere herein.

Preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter (represented herein by nucleotides 1-1259 of SEQ ID NO:14), a Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter (represented herein by nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9, a promoter from a Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase (PKS) system (contained withing SEQ ID NO:34), and a Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter (contained within SEQ ID NO:31; it is noted that the fatty acid desaturase promoter is referred to as a desaturase promoter in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/284,116, supra.). The cloning and sequencing of the α-tubulin promoter, the acetolactate synthase promoter, and the fatty acid desaturase promoter are described in the Examples section. In a preferred embodiment, the α-tubulin promoter comprises the naturally occurring Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter sequence (nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9), or a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to nucleotides 441-894 of SEQ ID NO:9, wherein the promoter has at least basal α-tubulin promoter transcriptional activity. Similarly, a preferred acetolactate synthase promoter comprises a nucleic acid sequence of the naturally occurring Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter (represented within nucleotides 1-1259 of SEQ ID NO:14), or a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 75%, and more preferably 80%, and more preferably 85%, and more preferably 90%, and more preferably 95% identical to nucleotides 1-1259 of SEQ ID NO:14, wherein the promoter as at least basal acetolactate synthase promoter transcriptional activity. A preferred PKS promoter comprises a nucleic acid sequence of a naturally occurring Thraustochytriales PKS promoter (represented within SEQ ID NO:34), or a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 75%, and more preferably 80%, and more preferably 85%, and more preferably 90%, and more preferably 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:34, wherein the promoter as at least basal PKS promoter transcriptional activity. Finally, a preferred fatty acid desaturase promoter comprises a nucleic acid sequence of the naturally occurring Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter (represented within SEQ ID NO:31), or is contained within a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 75%, and more preferably 80%, and more preferably 85%, and more preferably 90%, and more preferably 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:31, wherein the promoter as at least basal fatty acid desaturase promoter transcriptional activity. Methods for determining percent identity have been previously described herein for the acetolactate synthase sequences, and are encompassed herein.

In one embodiment, a recombinant vector of the present invention is an expression vector. As used herein, the phrase “expression vector” is used to refer to a vector that is suitable for production of an encoded product (e.g., a protein of interest). In this embodiment, a nucleic acid sequence encoding the product to be produced is inserted into the recombinant vector to produce a recombinant nucleic acid molecule. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein to be produced is inserted into the vector in a manner that operatively links the nucleic acid sequence to regulatory sequences in the vector (e.g., a Thraustochytriales promoter of the present invention) which enable the transcription and translation of the nucleic acid sequence within the recombinant microorganism. The selectable markers of the present invention enable the selection of a recombinant microorganism into which a recombinant nucleic acid molecule of the present invention has successfully been introduced.

In another embodiment, a recombinant vector of the present invention is a targeting vector. As used herein, the phrase “targeting vector” is used to refer to a vector that is used to deliver a particular nucleic acid molecule into a recombinant cell, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is used to delete or inactivate an endogenous gene within the host cell (i.e., used for targeted gene disruption or knock-out technology). Such a vector may also be known in the art as a “knock-out” vector. In one aspect of this embodiment, a portion of the vector, but more typically, the nucleic acid molecule inserted into the vector (i.e., the insert), has a nucleic acid sequence that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence of a target gene in the host cell (i.e., a gene which is targeted to be deleted or inactivated). The nucleic acid sequence of the vector insert is designed to bind to the target gene such that the target gene and the insert undergo homologous recombination, whereby the endogenous target gene is deleted, inactivated or attenuated (i.e., by at least a portion of the endogenous target gene being mutated or deleted).

In one embodiment, a preferred recombinant vector of the present invention is a recombinant vector that is suitable for use in a Thraustochytriales microorganism, and which includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase molecule of the present invention. Preferably, the acetolactate synthase is modified as compared to the naturally occurring form (SEQ ID NO:15), such that the synthase confers onto a Thraustochytriales microorganism that has been transfected with the recombinant vector, a reduced sensitivity to sulfonurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and/or pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. Preferably, such a recombinant vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase protein comprising an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO:15 by an amino acid deletion, insertion, or substitution at one or more of the following positions: 116G, 117A, 192P, 200A, 251K, 358M, 383D, 592V, 595W, or 599F. In one embodiment, such acetolactate synthase proteins have an amino acid sequence including, but not limited to: SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24. Preferably, such a recombinant vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from: nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:18, nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:21, and nucleotides 1260-3314 of SEQ ID NO:23. In a particularly preferred embodiment, recombinant vectors containing ALS-encoding nucleic acid sequences that confer the desired resistance include SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:23.

In one embodiment, a recombinant vector that is suitable for conferring onto a Thraustochytriales microorganism that has been transfected with the recombinant vector a reduced sensitivity to sulfonurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and/or pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates, comprises SEQ ID NO:15, which is the naturally occurring Schizochytrium acetolactate synthase sequence. In this embodiment, the recombinant vector is designed to overexpress the naturally occurring synthase, whereby such overexpression has the effect of conferring resistance to the specified compounds onto the microorganism. In this embodiment, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that use of recombinant DNA technologies can improve control of expression of transformed nucleic acid molecules by manipulating, for example, the number of copies of the nucleic acid molecules within the host cell, the efficiency with which those nucleic acid molecules are transcribed, the efficiency with which the resultant transcripts are translated, and the efficiency of post-translational modifications. Additionally, the promoter sequence might be genetically engineered to improve the level of expression as compared to the native promoter. Recombinant techniques useful for controlling the expression of nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, integration of the nucleic acid molecules into one or more host cell chromosomes, addition of vector stability sequences to plasmids, substitutions or modifications of transcription control signals (e.g., promoters, operators, enhancers), substitutions or modifications of translational control signals (e.g., ribosome binding sites, Shine-Dalgarno sequences), modification of nucleic acid molecules to correspond to the codon usage of the host cell, and deletion of sequences that destabilize transcripts.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a recombinant vector suitable for use in the transformation of Thraustochytriales microorganisms contains the Sh ble gene from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus as a selectable marker (which encodes a “bleomycin-binding protein), in combination with a Thraustochytriales promoter as previously described herein. A preferred recombinant vector comprising the ble gene and a Thraustochytriales promoter includes, for example, the vector sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:8 or 9. The amino acid sequence of the Streptoalloteichus hindustanus bleomycin binding protein is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:10.

Recombinant nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, which can be either DNA or RNA, can also contain additional regulatory sequences, such as translation regulatory sequences, origins of replication, and other regulatory sequences that are compatible with the recombinant cell. In one embodiment, a recombinant molecule of the present invention, including those which are integrated into the host cell chromosome, also contains secretory signals (i.e., signal segment nucleic acid sequences) to enable an expressed protein to be secreted from the cell that produces the protein. Suitable signal segments include a signal segment that is naturally associated with the protein to be expressed or any heterologous signal segment capable of directing the secretion of the protein according to the present invention. In another embodiment, a recombinant molecule of the present invention comprises a leader sequence to enable an expressed protein to be delivered to and inserted into the membrane of a host cell. Suitable leader sequences include a leader sequence that is naturally associated with the protein, or any heterologous leader sequence capable of directing the delivery and insertion of the protein to the membrane of a cell.

Having described various tools which are useful for transforming microorganisms of the order Thraustochytriales, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for transformation of cells of a microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales. The method includes a first step of: (a) introducing into cells of a microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales a recombinant nucleic acid molecule as described previously herein. The recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase that confers onto said cells reduced sensitivity to compounds selected from the group consisting of: sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. Such acetolactate synthases have been described in detail above and include acetolactate synthases having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:24, as well as homologues of any of such sequences or SEQ ID NO:15 as discussed above. The method includes a second step of: (b) selecting cells that have been successfully transformed with the recombinant nucleic acid molecule by culturing the cells of (a) in a medium containing at least one compound that is inhibitory to untransformed cells, the compound being selected from the group consisting of: a sulfonylurea compound, an imidazolinone-class inhibitor, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. Cells which grow in the presence of such compounds have been successfully transformed.

The recombinant nucleic acid molecule used in the present method comprises any of the recombinant vectors of the present invention previously described herein, and typically includes at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein to be produced by the recombinant cell (i.e., comprising a recombinant expression vector), or a nucleic acid sequence useful for targeted deletion or inactivation of an endogenous gene in the recombinant cell (i.e., comprising a recombinant targeting vector).

In one embodiment, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein to be produced by the cell, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. Proteins that may be desirable for production in a Thraustochytriales will be known to those of skill in the art, and all are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. Particularly preferred proteins include, but are not limited to, proteins associated with the synthesis of a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachadonic acid (ARA). Such proteins include, for example, a fatty acid synthase, a fatty acid desaturase, a fatty acid elongase, a protein associated with a polyketide synthase complex and a protein associated with incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids or into triacylglycerol molecules. In one aspect, the protein is an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:29. SEQ ID NO:30 represents the amino acid sequence of the desaturase. In another aspect, the protein is a polyenoic fatty acid isomerase. In one embodiment, proteins which can be produced in Thraustochytriales microorganisms using the present method include proteins associated with the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways. Such proteins include, but are not limited to, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, squalene synthase, phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, a carotenoid cyclase, a carotenoid hyroxylase, a carotenoid ketolase. In yet another embodiment, proteins which can be produced in Thraustochytriales microorganisms using the present method include, but are not limited to, vitamin E and lipoic acid.

In one embodiment, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule useful in the method of the present invention includes a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes with a target nucleic acid sequence in the microorganism such that a gene comprising the target nucleic acid sequence is mutated or inactivated by homologous recombination with the second nucleic acid sequence. Such a nucleic acid sequence can be homologous to genes that encode enzymes (or nucleic acids which regulate the expression of such genes) of the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathways, genes encoding proteins that are involved in the degradation of other valuable compounds produced by the Thraustochytriales microorganism or which otherwise lessen the value of the desired compound, or genes encoding proteins that are associated with the synthesis of compounds whose synthesis is in competition with other molecules of interest. For example, target nucleic acid sequences include, but are not limited to, sequences encoding lipases, fatty acid oxidation enzymes, proteins involved in carbohydrate synthesis, proteins involved in synthesis of products of isoprenoid pathways, proteins involved in synthesis of cell wall components, proteins involved in the saturated fatty acid synthesis pathways, proteins involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathways, proteins associated with a polyketide synthase complex, and proteins associated with incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipids or triacylglycerol molecules.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the method for transformation of Thraustochytriales microorganisms includes a step of introducing into the cell at least one additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein to be expressed, the nucleic acid sequence being operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. Alternatively, the additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule can include a second nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes with a target nucleic acid sequence in the microorganism such that a gene comprising the target nucleic acid sequence is mutated or inactivated by homologous recombination with the second nucleic acid sequence. In this manner, multiple proteins can be introduced into the cell, multiple genes can be inactivated, or combinations of the two are possible. The additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule can be introduced into the Thraustochytriales microorganism simultaneously with the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule (i.e., cotransformation), or as a subsequent transformation (e.g., for the purposes of “stacking” traits).

In one embodiment, the method further includes the step of introducing into the cell at least one additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein. In this embodiment, the additional recombinant nucleic acid molecule is preferably introduced in a subsequent step, rather than as a cotransformation. Preferably, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second protein to be expressed by the cell, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the second protein is operatively linked to a transcription control sequence. Alternatively, or in addition, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a bleomycin-binding protein further comprises a second nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes with a target nucleic acid sequence in the microorganism such that a gene comprising the target nucleic acid sequence is mutated or inactivated by homologous recombination with the second nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, such a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:9.

Suitable host cells to transform using the method of the present invention include, but are not limited to, any microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales. Host cells can be either untransformed cells or cells that are already transfected with at least one nucleic acid molecule. Preferred host cells for use in the present invention include microorganisms from a genus including, but not limited to: Thraustochytrium, Labyrinthuloides, Japonochytrium, and Schizochytrium. Preferred species within these genera include, but are not limited to: any Schizochytrium species, including Schizochytrium aggregatum, Schizochytrium limacinum, Schizochytrium minutum; any Thraustochytrium species (including former Ulkenia species such as U. visurgensis, U. amoeboida, U. sarkariana, U. profunda, U. radiata, U. minuta and Ulkenia sp. BP-5601), and including Thraustochytrium striatum, Thraustochytrium aureum, Thraustochytrium roseum; and any Japonochytrium species. Particularly preferred strains of Thraustochytriales include, but are not limited to: Schizochytrium sp. (S31)(ATCC 20888); Schizochytrium sp. (S8)(ATCC 20889); Schizochytrium sp. (LC-RM)(ATCC 18915); Schizochytrium sp. (SR21); Schizochytrium aggregatum (Goldstein et Belsky)(ATCC 28209); Schizochytrium limacinum (Honda et Yokochi) (IFO 32693); Thraustochytrium sp. (23B)(ATCC 20891); Thraustochytrium striatum (Schneider)(ATCC 24473); Thraustochytrium aureum (Goldstein)(ATCC 34304); Thraustochytrium roseum (Goldstein)(ATCC 28210); and Japonochytrium sp. (L1)(ATCC 28207).

According to the present invention, the term “transformation” is used to refer to any method by which an exogenous nucleic acid molecule (i.e., a recombinant nucleic acid molecule) can be inserted into microbial cells, such Thraustochytriales microbial cells. In microbial systems, the term “transformation” is used to describe an inherited change due to the acquisition of exogenous nucleic acids by the microorganism and is essentially synonymous with the term “transfection”. Suitable transformation techniques include, but are not limited to, particle bombardment, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, adsorption, infection and protoplast fusion.

In one embodiment, a protein to be produced using a method of the present invention is produced by culturing a cell that expresses the protein (i.e., a recombinant Thraustochytriales microorganism) under conditions effective to produce the protein. In some instances, the protein may be recovered, and in others, the microorganism may be harvested in whole or as a lysate and used as a “biomass”. In another embodiment, a target gene is deleted or inactivated by culturing a cell that has been transformed with a recombinant molecule comprising a targeting vector of the present invention under conditions effective to allow recombination within the cell, resulting in deletion or inactivation of a target gene. A preferred cell to culture is a recombinant cell of the present invention. Effective culture conditions include, but are not limited to, effective media, bioreactor, temperature, pH and oxygen conditions that permit protein production and/or recombination. An effective medium refers to any medium in which a Thraustochytriales cell is typically cultured. Such medium typically comprises an aqueous medium having assimilable carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources, and appropriate salts, minerals, metals and other nutrients, such as vitamins. Examples of suitable media and culture conditions are discussed in detail in the Examples section. Culture conditions suitable for Thraustochytriales microorganisms are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,742, issued Aug. 23, 1994, to Barclay; incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Cells of the present invention can be cultured in conventional fermentation bioreactors, shake flasks, test tubes, microtiter dishes, and petri plates. Culturing can be carried out at a temperature, pH and oxygen content appropriate for a recombinant cell. Such culturing conditions are within the expertise of one of ordinary skill in the art.

Depending on the vector and host system used for production, resultant proteins of the present invention may either remain within the recombinant cell; be secreted into the fermentation medium; be secreted into a space between two cellular membranes; or be retained on the outer surface of a cell membrane. The phrase “recovering the protein” refers to collecting the whole fermentation medium containing the protein and need not imply additional steps of separation or purification. Proteins produced by the method of the present invention can be purified using a variety of standard protein purification techniques, such as, but not limited to, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, filtration, electrophoresis, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, concanavalin A chromatography, chromatofocusing and differential solubilization. Proteins produced by the method of the present invention are preferably retrieved in “substantially pure” form. As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to a purity that allows for the effective use of the protein as a commercial product.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a recombinant microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales, which has been transformed with a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an acetolactate synthase of the present invention. Preferably, the acetolactate synthase confers onto the microorganism reduced sensitivity to compounds selected from the group consisting of: sulfonylurea compounds, imidazolinone-class inhibitors, and pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates. Suitable recombinant nucleic acid molecules and sequences for use in transforming such a microorganism have been described in detail above. Such a microorganism can be further transformed with other recombinant nucleic acid molecules, including recombinant nucleic acid molecules comprising a ble gene selectable marker and Thraustochytriales transcription control sequences, as previously described herein. Recombinant Thraustochytriales microorganisms according to the present invention are described in the Examples section. According to the present invention, a recombinant Thraustochytriales microorganism of the present invention is genetically engineered to express a protein of interest (examples of such proteins are discussed above) using the recombinant vectors described herein, and/or is genetically engineered for a targeted deletion or inactivation of a target gene using the recombinant vectors described herein.

As used herein, a recombinant microorganism has a genome which is modified (i.e., mutated or changed) from its normal (i.e., wild-type or naturally occurring) form using recombinant technology. A recombinant microorganism according to the present invention can include a microorganism in which nucleic acid molecules have been inserted, deleted or modified (i.e., mutated; e.g., by insertion, deletion, substitution, and/or inversion of nucleotides), in such a manner that such modifications provide the desired effect within the microorganism. As used herein, genetic modifications which result in a decrease in gene expression, in the function of the gene, or in the function of the gene product (i.e., the protein encoded by the gene) can be referred to as inactivation (complete or partial), deletion, interruption, blockage or down-regulation of a gene. For example, a genetic modification in a gene which results in a decrease in the function of the protein encoded by such gene, can be the result of a complete deletion of the gene (i.e., the gene does not exist, and therefore the protein does not exist), a mutation in the gene which results in incomplete or no translation of the protein (e.g., the protein is not expressed), or a mutation in the gene which decreases or abolishes the natural function of the protein (e.g., a protein is expressed which has decreased or no enzymatic activity or action). Genetic modifications which result in an increase in gene expression or function can be referred to as amplification, overproduction, overexpression, activation, enhancement, addition, or up-regulation of a gene.

According to the present invention, a recombinant Thraustochytriales microorganism can be produced using any microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales. Preferred genera of Thraustochytriales include, but are not limited to: Thraustochytrium, Labyrinthuloides, Japonochytrium, and Schizochytrium. Preferred species within these genera include, but are not limited to: any Schizochytrium species, including Schizochytrium aggregatum, Schizochytrium limacinum; any Thraustochytrium species (including any former Ulkenia species such as U. visurgensis, U. amoeboida, U. sarkariana, U. profunda, U. radiata, U. minuta and Ulkenia sp. BP-5601), Thraustochytrium striatum, Thraustochytrium aureum, Thraustochytrium roseum; and any Japonochytrium species. Particularly preferred strains of Thraustochytriales include, but are not limited to: Schizochytrium sp. (S31)(ATCC 20888); Schizochytrium sp. (S8)(ATCC 20889); Schizochytrium sp. (LC-RM)(ATCC 18915); Schizochytrium sp. (SR21); Schizochytrium aggregatum (Goldstein et Belsky) (ATCC 28209); Schizochytrium limacinum (Honda et Yokochi) (IFO 32693); Thraustochytrium sp. (23B)(ATCC 20891); Thraustochytrium striatum (Schneider)(ATCC 24473); Thraustochytrium aureum (Goldstein) (ATCC 34304); Thraustochytrium roseum (Goldstein) (ATCC 28210); and Japonochytrium sp. (L1) (ATCC 28207).

The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

This example describes the production of recombinant plasmid pTUBZEO11-2.

Construction of recombinant plasmid pTUBZEO 11-2 is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. This plasmid contains the ble gene from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus functionally coupled to an α-tubulin gene promoter isolated from Schizochytrium sp. This plasmid was produced as follows. A cDNA clone (CGNE0002-001-B6) was isolated from a Schizochytrium sp. cDNA library and partially sequenced (SEQ ID NO:1) as part of a large-scale Schizochytrium cDNA sequencing project. The nucleotide sequence was determined to encode α-tubulin by BLASTX homology searching (Gish, W. and D. States. 1993. Nat. Genet. 3:266-272). The amino acid sequence deduced from bases 116 through 550 is 93% identical to the first 145 amino acids of α-tubulin from Pelvetica fastigiata (GenBank Accession No. U58642).

In order to isolate the promoter associated with this gene, genomic DNA was isolated from Schizochytrium sp. cells and processed by the use of a “GenomeWalker™” kit (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.), which involves enzymatic digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases to generate blunt ends, followed by ligation of the digested DNA to specific double-stranded DNA adapter molecules provided in the kit. The DNA upstream of the α-tubulin coding sequence was then amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the outer adapter primer (AP1) provided in the kit and the α-tubulin -specific primer PGR20 (SEQ ID NO:2). Further amplification of the gene was carried out using the nested adapter primer (AP2) provided in the kit and a nested α-tubulin -specific primer PGR19 (SEQ ID NO:3). The resulting PCR products were subcloned into plasmid pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.). One of the subcloned fragments was sequenced; the sequence of the 725 by immediately preceding the α-tubulin gene start codon is given as SEQ ID NO:4.

Using oligonucleotide primers based on the DNA sequence obtained in this manner, PCR using Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn.) was used to generate a modified α-tubulin promoter region in which an NcoI restriction site was incorporated into the 3′ end of the DNA fragment; this NcoI site contained a start codon that was at the same position as in the α-tubulin coding region. The primers used in this reaction were PGR33 (SEQ ID NO:5) and PGR34 (SEQ ID NO:6), and the template was genomic DNA isolated from Schizochytrium sp. cells. The following reaction conditions were utilized: 94° C. for 4 min; (94° C. for 1 min, 54° C. for 45 sec, 72° C. for 2 min)×30; 72° C. for 7 min. This fragment was cloned into plasmid pCR2.1-TOPO to form plasmid p7TUB (SEQ ID NO:7). Plasmid p7TUB was digested with NcoI, and a resulting 463-bp fragment containing the Schizochytrium α-tubulin promoter region was isolated by agarose gel purification. Plasmid pSV40/Zeo (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.), which contains the ble gene from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus flanked by an SV40 promoter and terminator, was also digested with NcoI to yield a 3201-bp and a 314-bp fragment. The 3201-bp fragment was agarose gel-purified and ligated to the 463-bp NcoI fragment from p7TUB to yield pTUBZEO-11 (SEQ ID NO:8), depicted in FIG. 1.

Next, plasmid pTUBZEO-11 was digested with SphI, and a resulting 1122-bp fragment that contained the ble gene flanked by the Schizochytrium α-tubulin promoter and the SV40 terminator was agarose gel purified and ligated to plasmid pUC19 (Messing, J. 1983. Meth. Enzymol. 101:20) that had been linearized by digestion with SphI. The resulting plasmid was named pTUBZEO11-2 (SEQ ID NO:9) and is depicted in FIGS. 2 and 4. Plasmid pTUBZEO11-2 is also referred to as pMON50000. In SEQ ID NO:9, the Schizochytrium α-tubulin promoter is contained withing nucleotides 441-894; the ble gene coding region is contained within nucleotides 895-1269; and the SV40 terminator is contained within nucleotides 1270-1524.

Example 2

This example describes the production of recombinant plasmids pMON50200, pMON50201, pMON50202, and pMON50203.

The native acetolactate synthase-encoding gene (als) from Schizochytrium sp. was isolated in the following manner. A cDNA clone (LIB81-028-Q1-E1-D9) was isolated from a Schizochytrium cDNA library and partially sequenced (SEQ ID NO:11) as part of a large-scale Schizochytrium sp. cDNA sequencing project. The nucleotide sequence was determined by BLASTX homology to encode acetolactate synthase; e.g., the amino acid sequence deduced from bases 154 through 378 was 68% identical with amino acids 313 through 387 of ALS from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (GenBank Accession No. P36620). The full-length sequence of this cloned cDNA was then obtained, which indicated that the cDNA clone did not contain the entire als coding region. In order to obtain the full-length als gene, a Schizochytrium genomic lambda library was probed using standard protocols (see e.g. Sambrook et. al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) with a 372-bp digoxygenin (DIG)-labeled DNA probe (referred to as the ALS2 probe). The ALS2 probe was generated via PCR using a nucleotide mix that included DIG-11-UTP (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals GmbH, Germany), using forward primer PGR38 (SEQ ID NO:12) and reverse primer PGR39 (SEQ ID NO:13), which were based upon the sequence of cDNA clone LIB81-028-Q1-E1-D9. One of the genomic clones identified with the ALS2 probe, designated ALS-4A, was isolated and further characterized by Southern hybridization blots using the DIG-labeled ALS2 probe. A 4.9-kbp fragment from AhdI-digested ALS-4A lambda DNA was found to hybridize to the ALS2 probe. This fragment was isolated by agarose gel purification, treated with T4 DNA polymerase in order to generate blunt ends, and then ligated into SmaI-digested pBluescriptII KS+ (Stratagene Corp., La Jolla, Calif.) to form plasmid pMON50200 (depicted in FIG. 3-A). The sequence of pMON50200 is given as SEQ ID NO:14. The sequence of the acetolactate synthase enzyme encoded by the Schizochytrium als gene is given as SEQ ID NO:15.

Plasmids pMON50201, pMON50202, and pMON50203 (depicted in FIGS. 3-B, 3-C, and 3-D, respectively) were produced from plasmid pMON50200 by site-directed mutagenesis such that the encoded acetolactate synthase enzymes are no longer inhibited by certain compounds, including sulfometuron methyl (SMM). These plasmids were constructed as follows. The “Transformerä” site-directed mutagenesis kit (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) was used to introduce the following mutations into plasmid pMON502000 according to the manufacturer's instructions. An oligonucleotide selection primer, DM19 (SEQ ID NO:16), was used in all three constructions; this primer leads to the conversion of a unique EcoRV site in the multiple cloning site of pMON50200 to an AatII site. Primer DM14 (SEQ ID NO:17) was used to change amino acid residue number 595 in the encoded ALS enzyme from tryptophan to valine, while at the same time introducing an AclI site in the gene sequence; the resulting plasmid is referred to as pMON50201 (SEQ ID NO:18). Likewise, primer DM15 (SEQ ID NO:20) was used to change amino acid residue number 192 in the encoded ALS enzyme from a proline to a glutamine and to introduce a BsgI site in the als gene, resulting in plasmid pMON50202 (SEQ ID NO:21). To construct plasmid pMON50203 (SEQ ID NO:23), both DM14 and DM15 primers were used, resulting in an encoded ALS enzyme containing both of the amino acid residue replacements described above. The sequences of the mutant acetolactate synthase enzymes encoded by plasmids pMON50201, pMON50202, and pMON50203 are given as SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, and SEQ ID NO:24, respectively.

Example 3

This example describes the genetic transformation of Schizochytrium sp. with the recombinant molecules described in Examples 1 and 2.

The strain used in this example in Schizochytrium sp. N230D, a derivative of American Type Culture Collection strain 20888 (ATCC, Manassas, Va.). For liquid cultures, cells were grown axenically in M50-3 medium at 30° C. with shaking at 200-300 rpm. M50-3 medium contains the following components: NaCl, 12.5 g; MgSO₄.7H₂O, 2.5 g; KCl, 0.5 g; CaCl₂, 0.05 g; glucose, 30 g; Na-glutamate, 3 g; KH₂PO₄, 0.4 g; yeast extract, 1 g; NaHCO₃, 0.4 g; Na₂EDTA, 30 mg; FeCl₃.6H₂O, 1.2 mg; H₃BO₃, 34.2 mg; ZnSO₄.7H₂O; 0.67 mg; CoCl₂.6H₂O, 0.13 mg; NaMoO₄.2H₂O, 25 μg; CuSO₄.5H₂O, 10 μg; NiSO₄.6H₂O, 0.26 mg; thiamine.HCl, 100 μg; biotin, 0.5 μg; cyanocobalamin, 0.5 μg, and deionized water (to one liter); final pH adjusted to 7.0. For growth on solid media, cells were grown at 30° C. on M50-3 medium or M1E-3 medium solidified by the addition of 1.5% (w/v) agar. M1E-3 medium contains the following components: glucose, 4 g; (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.75 g; Na₂SO₄, 5 g; MgSO₄.7H₂O, 2 g; KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g; KCl, 0.5 g; CaCl₂.2 H₂O, 0.1 g; MOPS buffer, 20.9 g; FeSO₄.4H₂O, 0.3 mg; MnCl₂.4H₂O, 0.1 mg; ZnSO₄.7H₂O; 80 μg; CoCl₂.6H₂O, 2 μg; NaMoO₄.2H₂O, 1 μg; CuSO₄.5H₂O, 60 μg; NiSO₄.6H₂O, 80 μg; thiamine.HCl, 320 μg; CA-pantothenate, 320 μg; cyanocobalamin, 8 μg, and deionized water (to one liter); final pH adjusted to 7.0.

The sensitivity of Schizochytrium sp. to Zeocin™ and SMM was determined by including these inhibitors in solidified M1E-3 medium at various concentrations and spreading cells on the plates at densities similar to those that are present during procedures used for selection of recombinant cells.

Genetic transformation of Schizochytrium cells was performed by particle bombardment (Sanford, J. C., F. D. Smith, and J. A. Russell. 1993. Meth. Enzymol. 217:483-509) using a Bio-Rad Biolistic PDS-1000/He Particle Delivery System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). Schizochytrium sp. N230D cells were grown in liquid M50-3 medium to an optical density at 680 nm (OD₆₈₀) of 0.4-0.8 (optical path length of 10 mm). An aliquot of cells corresponding to 1.0 0D₆₈₀ was briefly centrifuged, the supernatant solution was removed, and the pelleted cells were resuspended in 100 μl of sterile water. The resuspended cells were then spread in a 4 to 6 cm circle onto a Petri plate containing agar-solidified medium (e.g., M50-3 or M1E-3 medium) and allowed to sit for 30 to 60 min so that the excess water could be absorbed into the solid medium; this is referred to as the target plate.

A 1.5 mg aliquot of gold microcarriers (0.6μ nominal diameter, available from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif.) was coated with 2.5 μg of transformation plasmid DNA (i.e., plasmid pTUBZEO11-2, pMON50201, pMON50202, or pMON50203) as per the manufacturer's instructions (Biolistic® PDS-1000/He Particle Delivery System Instruction Manual; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). The cells were bombarded with the DNA-coated gold microcarriers using the following conditions: 1100 psi burst disk, chamber vacuum of 25″ Hg, microcarrier launch assembly placed on the top shelf and the target plates placed on the middle shelf, giving a burst disk-to-stopping screen distance of 1.5-2 cm and a stopping screen-to-target distance of approximately 7 cm. After bombardment, the cells were allowed to recover on the target plates for 4-6 hours at 30° C. The cells were then rinsed off the target plates with 1.5 ml sterile water, collected in a microfuge tube, centrifuged briefly, and resuspended in 400 μl sterile water. One hundred microliters of the suspension were spread onto each of four M1E-3 plates containing either 150-200 μg/ml Zeocin™ (Invitrogen Corp., Carlbad, Calif.) or 25 μg/mL SMM. Zeocin™-containing plates were used to select for cells that had been transformed with plasmid pTUBZEO11-2, whereas SMM-containing plates were used to select for cells that had been transformed with plasmids pMON50201, pMON50202, or pMON50203. The plates were then incubated for 7-10 days at 30° C. Colonies that appeared to be resistant to the selective agent were then patched onto fresh M1E-3 plates containing the same selective agent to confirm resistance. This protocol typically results in the generation of 100-1000 Zeocin™-resistant or SMM-resistant strains per bombardment.

Example 4

The following example demonstrates PCR analysis of transformed Schizochytrium cells.

PCR was used to confirm the presence of plasmid sequences in the putatively transformed strains that were resistant to the selective agents Zeocin™ or SMM. Template DNA from putative transformants and non-recombinant Schizochytrium N230D cells was obtained by using a single-use, plastic 1 μl inoculation loop to remove a small quantity of cells (1-2 mm³) from resistant colonies that been patched onto agar plates (as described in Example 3). The cells were then resuspended in 15-20 μl of 1% Triton X-100 in a microfuge tube, placed in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes, and then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14,000×g. Portions of these extracts (1-3 μL) were used to provide the template DNA for 25 μL PCR reactions using Taq DNA polymerase. To detect the presence of pTUBZEO11-2 sequences in the Schizochytrium DNA, primers DM20 (SEQ ID NO:25) and DM21 (SEQ ID NO:26) were used; these primers anneal to the ble gene in plasmid pTUBZEO11-2 and amplify a 346-bp DNA fragment. The thermal profile used was as follows: 94° C. for 4 min; (94° C. for 45 sec, 52° C. for 45 sec, 72° C. for 2 min)×30; 72° C. for 7 min. To detect the presence of pMON50201, pMON50202, or pMON50203 sequences in the Schizochytrium DNA, primers BLA 1 (SEQ ID NO:27) and BLA2 (SEQ ID NO:28) were used; these primers anneal to the bla (ampicillin-resistance) gene found in the vector backbone and amplify a 1229-bp DNA fragment. The thermal profile used was as follows: 94° C. for 4 min; (94° C. for 45 sec, 55° C. for 45 sec, 72° C. for 2 min)×30; 72° C. for 7 min. PCR products were analyzed by standard agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by staining with ethidium bromide.

The results of these analyses confirm that the vast majority of strains selected under these conditions are true transformants that contain plasmid DNA. No PCR products of the correct size were generated when using template DNA from control Schizochytrium sp. N230D cells that had not been bombarded with the transformation plasmids.

Example 5

The following example describes Southern blot analyses of transformed Schizochytrium cells.

Southern hybridization blots were conducted using DNA isolated from parental Schizochytrium N230D cells and several putative transformants in order to confirm the presence of transformation vector DNA sequences within the transformed cells. Southern blotting was conducted using techniques known to those skilled in the art (see e.g. Sambrook et. al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1989). DNA was isolated by the use of a “QIAamp” DNA purification kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.), digested with various restriction enzymes, separated by electrophoresis through agarose gels (0.8%-1.2% w/v), and then transferred to nylon membranes by alkaline capillary transfer.

Detection of vector DNA in cells transformed with pTUBZEO11-2 was carried out by use of the “Genius” DIG-based system (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals GmbH, Germany), using as a hybridization probe a 346-bp DIG-labeled ble gene fragment generated via PCR with primers DM20 (SEQ ID NO:25) and DM21 (SEQ ID NO:26) and a nucleotide mix that included DIG-11-UTP. Pre-hybridization of the membrane was carried out at 68° C. for 1 h in the hybridization buffer supplied in the Genius kit. Hybridization was carried out at 68° C. for 18 h in hybridization buffer containing the ble gene probe that had been heat-denatured for 5 min at 94° C. The membranes were then washed twice for 5 min with 50 mL 2×SSC/0.1% SDS and twice for 15 min in 50 mL 0.1×SSC/0.1% SDS. Chemiluminescent detection of hybridizing DNA was performed as described in the Genius kit instructions.

DNA from non-transformed Schizochytrium N230D cells did not hybridize to the ble gene probe. Conversely, DNA from transformed cells did hybridize to the probe as follows:

SphI: SphI-digested DNA from transformed Schizochytrium cells contained a ˜1100-bp DNA fragment that hybridized to the ble gene probe; this fragment, which is also observed in SphI-digested pTUBZEO11-2 DNA, represents the entire ble gene expression cassette (including the tubulin gene promoter and SV40 terminator).

XhoI: For each of the transformants tested, XhoI digestion of DNA resulted in hybridizing fragments larger than 15-20 kbp. XhoI does not cut within pTUBZEO11-2, and therefore these results indicate that pTUBZEO11-2 does not appear to exist as an extrachromosomal element in transformed cells, but rather becomes integrated into the Schizochytrium chromosome.

NcoI or HindIII: These enzymes both cut once within pTUBZEO11-2. Digestion of transformant DNA with either of these enzymes typically led to a prominent hybridizing fragment that comigrated with linearized pTUBZEO11-2 vector (i.e., ˜3.8 kbp). This suggests that the vector can integrate in the chromosome in the form of tandem repeats.

Example 6

This example demonstrates homologous recombination in Schizochytrium.

The following experiments were conducted to demonstrate that homologous recombination can occur in Schizochytrium between endogenous native DNA sequences and homologous DNA sequences present in recombinant DNA molecules introduced into the cells. This type of homologous recombination can be very beneficial for producing recombinant strains with desirable properties. For example, homologous recombination can be used to inactivate endogenous genes by the targeted insertion of foreign genetic sequences. Additionally, homologous recombination can be used to replace an endogenous gene or portion thereof with an altered form of the gene such that the recombinant cells exhibit novel properties.

Homologous recombination was shown to occur in Schizochytrium cells transformed with plasmid pMON50202, which contains a mutation in the Schizochytrium als gene. This mutation introduces a BsgI site at by position 571 of the als coding region. There is a naturally occurring BsgI site at by position 1324 of the als coding region. Therefore, Southern blots of BsgI-digested Schizochytrium DNA can be used to discern the native als gene from the recombinant mutant als gene. For these experiments, an als-specific hybridization probe was produced via PCR using a nucleotide mix that included DIG-11-UTP (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals GmbH, Germany), forward primer PGR28 (SEQ ID NO:32), reverse primer PGR30 (SEQ ID NO:33), and a small amount of pMON50200 as the template. The resulting 323-bp DIG-labeled hybridization probe was referred to as ALS1.

DNA from non-recombinant Schizochytrium N230D cells was digested with BsgI and AhdI separately, subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to a nylon membrane, and then probed with the ALS1 probe using procedures essentially the same as those described in Example 5. The ALS 1 probe labeled a 1.76-kbp fragment of BsgI-digested DNA and a 4.9-kbp fragment of AhdI-digested DNA.

Southern blots of BsgI- and AhdI-digested DNA from various recombinant strains that had been transformed with pMON50202 were also probed with the ALS 1 probe. In some cases, the 1.76-kbp BsgI fragment was not present, and instead a 0.75-kbp fragment was labeled, corresponding to the 753-bp BsgI fragment present in pMON50202. A 4.9-kbp AhdI fragment was labeled in these recombinant strains, however, indicating that the recombinant, mutant als gene had recombined with the native als gene via double-crossover homologous recombination.

Single-crossover homologous recombination was also observed to occur in recombinant strains transformed with pMON50202. In these cases, both the 1.76-kbp and 0.75-kbp BsgI fragments were labeled in the Southern blots of DNA from the recombinant strains, but the 4.9-kbp AhdI fragment was replaced by larger labeled fragments, indicating that the entire pMON50202 vector had inserted into the native als gene, either as a single copy or as tandem repeats.

Additional evidence for homologous recombination in Schizochytrium was obtained by the introduction of recombinant DNA molecules containing a truncated, mutant als gene such that the incomplete ALS enzyme encoded by the truncated gene was nonfunctional. This truncated gene was produced by digesting pMON50202 with ClaI and HindIII to yield a 2.8-kbp fragment, thereby removing the last 388 by of the als coding sequence along with the als terminator region. This 2.8-kbp fragment was ligated into pBluescriptII KS+ (Stratagene Corp., La Jolla, Calif.) that had been digested with Clal and HindIII, yielding plasmid pAR2. Plasmid pAR2 would only be expected to confer resistance to SMM in transformed Schizochytrium cells if a functional, mutant als gene was restored in transformed strains via homologous recombination between the native als gene and the truncated mutant als gene present in pAR2. This construct was introduced into Schizochytrium N230D cells by particle bombardment, and SHIM-resistant strains were isolated as described in Example 3. Southern blot analysis of BsgI-digested DNA from the transformants, carried out as described earlier in this example, indicated that homologous recombination had clearly occurred in these strains; i.e., a 1.76-kbp BsgI fragment hybridized to the ALS1 probe in non-recombinant cells, but this was replaced by a 0.75-kbp hybridizing fragment in cells that had been transformed with pAR2.

Example 7

This example describes the use of transformation vector pTUBZEO11-2 or pMON50202 to produce via co-transformation strains that contain additional foreign DNA molecules that are not linked to a selectable marker gene.

Co-transformation was achieved by simultaneous introduction of pTUBZEO 11-2 and an additional plasmid containing any of several genes. The plasmids were co-precipitated on the gold particles as described in Example 3, using 2.5 μg of each plasmid. After the bombardment of target cells with the plasmid-coated gold particles, recombinant strains were selected on Zeocin™-containing agar plates as described in Example 1. The presence of the second, non-selected plasmid was then confirmed by PCR analysis or by Southern blot hybridization. Very high co-transformation frequencies (e.g., 50-90%) were typically achieved. For example, the plasmid pTR202, which contains the Caenorhabditus elegans fat-1 gene (Spychalla et al., 1997. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 1142-1147) linked to the Schizochytrium tubulin gene promoter and terminator, was introduced via the method provided in this example, and about 68% of the resulting Zeocin™-resistant strains were shown by PCR to contain the fat-1 gene (See Table 1). Similar results are observed when pMON50202 and an additional plasmid are co-introduced, followed by selection of transformed cells on SMM-containing solid medium. This co-transformation method can be used to introduce any foreign DNA desired.

TABLE 1 Efficiencies of co-transformation using the selectable marker plasmid pTubZeo11-2 and plasmids containing various fad genes. Zeocin^(R)-resistant transformants were screened for fad DNA sequences via PCR. #containing fad gene Co-transformation Introduced fad Gene # Zeocin^(R) strains tested efficiency syn_fat1 17/25 68% nat_fat1 24/25 96% mut_fat1 21/25 84% desB 20/25 80%

The transformation systems described in these examples represent a significant advance in the ability to genetically manipulate Schizochytrium, which is the most productive organism known for the fermentative production of lipid-based compounds. The availability of two independent transformation systems, along with the high co-transformation efficiencies that occur, should allow stacking of multiple traits in engineered strains. Furthermore, the apparent presence of homologous recombination in this microalga should allow the development of gene knockout procedures in order to identify the functions of unknown genes and to eliminate undesirable traits in production strains. The present inventors are currently using these systems to alter fatty acid metabolism in Schizochytrium, and are exploring possibilities for using this species and related microalgae (e.g., Thraustochytrium) for the production of carotenoids, sterols, and other lipoidal compounds.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. It is to be expressly understood, however, that such modifications and adaptations are within the scope of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims. 

1-35. (canceled)
 36. A method for production of a protein, comprising: culturing a recombinant microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales in a medium, wherein the recombinant microorganism comprises an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a foreign gene that encodes the protein, to produce the protein; and recovering the protein.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule further comprises one or more transcription control sequences and the foreign gene is operatively linked to the one or more transcription control sequences.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the one or more transcription control sequences comprise a Thraustochytriales transcription control sequence.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the Thraustochytriales transcription control sequence is selected from the group consisting of Thraustochytriales promoter sequences, Thraustochytriales enhancer sequences, Thraustochytriales operator sequences, Thraustochytriales repressor sequences, and combinations thereof.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein at least one Thraustochytriales transcription control sequence is a Thraustochytriales promoter sequence.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the Thraustochytriales promoter sequence is selected from the group consisting of a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter sequence, Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter sequence, Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase system promoter sequence, and Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter sequence.
 42. The method of claim 36, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule further comprises a signal segment nucleic acid sequence.
 43. The method of claim 36, wherein the protein is secreted into the medium, and wherein the protein is recovered from the medium.
 44. The method of claim 36, wherein the microorganism is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Thraustochytrium, Labyrinthuloides, Japonochytrium, and Schizochytrium.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the microorganism is from a species selected from the group consisting of Schizochytrium sp., Schizochytrium aggregatum, Schizochytrium limacinum, Schizochytrium minutum, Thraustochytrium sp., Thraustochytrium striatum, Thraustochytrium aureum, Thraustochytrium roseum, and Japonochytrium sp.
 46. A method for production of a protein, comprising: culturing a recombinant microorganism of the Order Thraustochytriales in a medium, wherein the recombinant microorganism comprises an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a foreign gene that encodes the protein, to produce the protein; and harvesting the microorganism comprising the protein.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the microorganism is harvested as a biomass.
 48. A method for transforming a microorganism cell, comprising: introducing into the microorganism cell of the Order Thraustochytriales a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein to be expressed and a selection marker; and selecting a microorganism cell that has been successfully transformed with the recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein to be expressed is integrated in the genome of the microorganism by homologous recombination.
 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid molecule further comprises one or more transcription control sequences and the nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein to be expressed is operatively linked to the one or more transcription control sequences.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the one or more transcription control sequences comprises one or more Thraustochytriales transcription control sequences.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the one or more Thraustochytriales transcription control sequences are selected from the group consisting of Thraustochytriales promoter sequences, Thraustochytriales enhancer sequences, Thraustochytriales operator sequences, Thraustochytriales repressor sequences, and combinations thereof.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein at least one Thraustochytriales transcription control sequence is a Thraustochytriales promoter sequence.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the Thraustochytriales promoter sequence is selected from the group consisting of a Thraustochytriales acetolactate synthase promoter sequence, Thraustochytriales α-tubulin promoter sequence, Thraustochytriales polyketide synthase system promoter sequence, and Thraustochytriales fatty acid desaturase promoter sequence.
 55. The method of claim 48, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid molecule further comprises a signal segment nucleic acid sequence.
 56. A method for inactivating, deleting, or mutating a native gene of a microorganism, comprising: introducing into a microorganism cell of the Order Thraustochytriales a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes with a target nucleic acid sequence in the microorganism, wherein a gene in the microorganism is inactivated, deleted, or mutated by homologous recombination between the nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes and the target nucleic acid sequence; and selecting a microorganism cell comprising the inactivated, deleted, or mutated gene.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the gene encodes or regulates expression of a protein involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, a protein involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis, a protein involved in synthesis of products of an isoprenoid pathway, or a protein involved in synthesis of a cell wall component.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the gene encodes or regulates expression of a protein involved in the synthesis of a lipase, a fatty acid oxidation enzyme, a protein having an objectionable flavor or odor, a fatty acid, a carotenoid, a sterol, or a vitamin. 